Managing fo results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing fo results - Essay ExampleThe explore revealed the existence of several finishings and subcultures in Widney Cabs Ltd that matched the theoretical models developed by both Schein in the three take aim of classification i.e. Assumptions, Values and Artefacts and Denisons classification that outlines four attributes namely Involvement, Consistency, Adaptability and Mission.This study will evaluate and appreciate the different aspects of organizational culture that exist in Widney Cabs Ltd. The study examines these culture(s) and sub cultures in light of the affinity with models or classification from academic literature, existing knowledge and theories on organizational culture. Jacques (1951) defines organizational culture as the customary or traditional ways of thinking and doing things common to most members of an organization.There exists a significant level of formal knowledge on the subject of culture(s) and sub-cultures that exist in organizations and their effec ts on the organizational behaviour. Founders and leaders of organizations create these cultures, which are then developed and sustained by people. Organizations executives come back and impart the organizations ideals. They also promote the core values that convey inclination to certain behaviors or effects. Norms on the other hand express acceptable ways of achieving set goals. Studies have shown that the development of organizational culture requires interaction within the membership. (Louis, Posner, and Powell 1983). According to Schein (1985), there are three levels of culture,the basic being Assumptions that form the alkali of culture.These assumptions are unconscious beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings. Next to these are the espoused values that consist of goals, philosophies. Lastly are the artefacts, which are physiologic manifestations, which may not be obvious to a lay observer of organizational

Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education - Case Study Examplefled A consequentlys to the area side to escape his persecutors, swaning that he would non allow Athenians to sin a second clip against philosophy, referring to the cruelty imparted to Socrates earlier? (Davidson, 2005, pp.159).16. Who was the superannuated Greek philosopher who added drawing to the educational curriculum of Greek society which had until then only three components, literacy, music and gymnastics? (Mahaffy, 2010, pp.52-53)19. Which ancient Greek scholar prescribed Dorian as the most appropriate scale for teaching music as part of education and said that flutes should not be used in teaching the same? (Plato et.al., 1996, pp.49)24. In which ancient Greek state could we go out a home that enjoyed the greatest honour and sanctity and the house-mother stood highest in reverence and social importance, and where violations of fidelity were rarest? (Mahaffy, 2010, pp.121)32. In which country of ancient Greece, was the education of a woman thought totally unnecessary and to see, hear and say as little as possible was considered as the foremost virtue of a woman? (Powell, 2001, pp.352).41. Which was the ancient Greek state which kept role of family and state in the area of education, strictly apart, fearing that any conjugation would hamper the freedom of the individual? (Davidson, 2005,

An Effect of Unemployment to rape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An Effect of Unemployment to bumble - Essay ExampleAlternative Hypothesis thither is a statistically pregnant family between the steps of rape and unemployment Research Design and essay The aim of this study is to test for a significant relationship between the rate of rape and rate of unemployment. To do this rape and unemployment information from each of the 50 states will be analyzed for the year 2010. info Collection The independent variable for this study was the unemployment rate. This is a percentage value calculated from the division of the turn of events of discharged citizenry by the labor intensity. Someone is considered to be unemployed if they are to a higher place 16 years of age who had no employment during the period solely was available and desired to work. In strain an individual is employed if they are over 16 and worked for at least one hour during the name period. In general the reference period is one week. The labor pull up is the total number of people considered to be unemployed or employed, For this study statistics on the unemployment and employment levels for each of the 50 states were analyzed for the 2010 period. education was gathered from the Business First database (available at http//www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/datacenter/state-employment-2010.html). The database gave the average number of people employed and unemployed for the year 2010 this was derived from information collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics how were the data collected? be more than specific here and as a consequence represented the mean value from 12 months of data. As a consequence, the unemployment rate could be calculated by adding the employment and unemployment levels together (to provide the labor force value) and then dividing the unemployment level by the labor force to give a percentage of the labor force which was unemployed. This value is the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate was determined independently for each of the 50 states. The dependent variable for this study was spirited rape per 100,000 population. For this, the FBI crime statistics from 2010 were used (available at http//www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl05.xls). These statistics considered many different types of crime including forcible rape in each of the states and included the number of reported incidences of rape as well as the estimated total of rape cases. The estimated total number of rapes was used for this study. Aggravated rape is defined as is the forcible sexual shrewdness of a woman as well as assault with this intent or attempted but not successful rape. Each incident of all rape or attempted rape was save as an offense within the database. Statutory rape was not included in the database and as a consequence was not part of this study. Analysis As there is no experimental manipulation of either variable, cause and effect cannot be directly tested, consequently, th e analysis needs to test for correlation. In order to do this, a statistical test for correlation needs to be undertaken. To test whether there is a significant relationship between rape and unemployment rate a Pearson Product-Moment Correlation will be conducted. This test looks for a linear relationship between two variables and can describe a positive relationship, negative relationship or absence of relationship. The Pearson correlation coefficient is known as r and is a measure of how closely the data points are to the line of best fit that is described by the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. A value of below zilch indicates a negative correlation between the two variables (in this case rape and unemployment), a value above zero indicates a positive relationship, and a value close to zero indicates an absence of relati

International Marketing in Construction Industry Essay

International Marketing in formula Industry - Essay Example...) are aware of possible future challenges in this sector, and have started, or are preparing, to address them. The competition in this industry is high because these countries have a high posit for manifestation services, as they deem it to be necessary for their overall economic growth. In the past years, two the demand and the supply curves for this industry have witnessed a rightward shift, but as can be seen from the plot below, the increase in demand has been more than the increase in supply, leading to a high chemical equilibrium price, and making this industry a highly profitable one for suppliers.Due to this very reason, there has been a lot of capital inflow and investment in the region, with more firms entering the market and a higher degree of competition in the industry. Deciding exactly which place to go will depend on the countrys economy, the firms goals, competition in that particular country, the ma rket for labour force, etc. Also, policies by Governments and other statutory bodies regarding labor on entry of foreign firms in the country will play a role. In the avocation topics, we shall discuss what factors will help the firm gain access to the market, and how the firm can tailor its profess assets so as to make sure it best suits the regions industry.If we happen to see a birds eye deliberate of the constru... There is a huge variety in different states concerning the degree of development in this sector. For example, although national construction has remained weak in Vietnam, there has been a strong expansion in private construction that began in late-2001, and still continues1. In fact, this momentum was enough to pull overall growth in the industrial sector up to 9.0 per cent in 2003. Data shows that construction activities recovered strongly in Brunei from a contraction of 2.4 per cent in 2001 to expand 7.5 per cent in the following year but a real estate glut in the capital added to the sectors difficulties in 20032. The construction industry in capital of Singapore has an annual gross output of about $10 jillion, with a capacity of about $12 billion (Ofori, Foreign construction workers in Singapore). If we bring this to the forefront, then investing in Singapores construction industry unimpeachably seems to be a beneficial option for the firm. The industry contributes around 7 per cent of gross municipal product (GDP) of the country and accounts for about 6.5 per cent of total employment. A very important thing to step is that since the mid-1980s, construction enterprises from Singapore have won a sizeable volume of projects in countries within the region. So, investors in Singapore are able to access markets throughout the region, without actually investing permanently in them. Regarding the sweep of Foreign Direct investitures in the region, South, East and South-East Asia have continued to be the main draw for capital inflows int o developing countries. In 2005, South-East Asia sub-region received $37 billion (Auansakul, An Excerpt from an Overview of World Investment Report 2006), led by Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Policies like allowing single-brand

How the Legalization or Decriminalization of Marijuana Can Optimize a Essay

How the Legalization or Decriminalization of Marijuana Can Optimize a medicine Situation in a Country - Essay ExampleAlthough not legal in the Netherlands, marijuana is openly tolerated and can be both purchased and consumed in one of several Amsterdam coffee ho go fors. Inexplicably, the urban center has not been thrown into anarchy which, evidently, is what the opponents of cannabis legalization argon afraid of. The evidence demonstrates that legalizing cannabis for healthful in addition to general purposes would prove a benefit to society, evidence which is well-known throughout the scientific, semipolitical and public arena but this collective knowledge has yet to be acted upon.Eleven states allow the character of marijuana for medicinal use, Rhode Island the most recent joining California, Alaska, Hawaii, Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Washington and, Vermont and Maine. However, laws enacted by the federal giving medication interchange those of the states. Therefore, the physician within the borders of the U.S. cannot lawfully dispense marijuana nor can a patient legally take it. The U.S. Supreme Court said federal law preempts any efforts by the state to authorize the use of marijuana for any purpose, including medicinal (Schweitzer, 2005). Most Americans are not against the medicinal use of marijuana and states are legalizing the practice but any use of marijuana remains against federal law which generally translates to stiffer sentences if caught. The U.S. government has recently softened its position on allowing marijuana dispensaries located in states where it is legal but other than that small waiver has continued its absolute prohibition of Marijuana, a method that is one of the most green policies utilized but has evidently not succeeded as intended. This practice has not eliminated drug traffic. It has, however, altered the establishment of supply and demand by forcing the illegality of this market. Illegal marijuana makes criminal s of the sick. Many medical benefits are well known.

Inclusion in schools with students with autism Dissertation

Inclusion in schools with students with autism - Dissertation ExampleAccording to the Autism Society nearly 1% of the US population that consists of children between the years group of 3 and 17 years has an autism spectrum disorder. Occurrence of autism is estimated to be 1 in 110 births in the US. Approximately the ratio of autism in the US is 11.5 million of Ameri washstand suffering from this disorder. The growth point of this disability is around 1148% and known as the fastest-growing informational disability. This develops at an annual rate of 10 to 17%. The government of the United States of America spends nearly US$ 60 billion per year for autism. In an bonny of ten years span of time the expenditure is estimated to be around US$ 200 to US$ 400 billion with the aid of new technology. It has been estimated that 1% of the UK adult population has an autism spectrum disorder. The Autism Society has estimated that the cost of autism is US$ 3.2 million Dollar per person over the life span of an individual (Autism Society, 2011). The effect of autism on training and functioning in the high society has the capability to range from mild to severe. It also has the ability to cause anxiety, defeat and confusion that are expressed in a multiple behavioral way. This kind of reaction can result to recurring behaviors, social withdraw and in true intense situations be more aggressive and can injure himself/herself (Janzen, 1996). Kanner had provided views almost the autism as a childhood disorder and found out certain things that are consequence of autism and are listed below Extreme detachment from human relationships Failure to use dustup for the purpose of communication Anxiously obsessive desire for the maintenance of sameness, resulting in a marked limit point in the variety of spontaneous activity Fascination for objects, handled with skill in fine motor movements trade good cognitive potentialities (Marwick & Et. Al., 2005). Autism is prevalent in b oys four times more than girls and knows no social or social and race barrier. The effect of Autism can be seen in the areas of communication skills and social interaction as the development of the students suffering from autism is low in these respect. The children and adults, who suffer from an autism spectrum disorder, face difficulties in social interaction and verbal and non-verbal communication. This event of disorder creates difficulties for them to interact with the outside world (University of Hawaii, 2008). The Autism Society of America (ASA) was established in the year 1965 by a small number of groups of parents of the autism suffering children. Till date the ASA has been leading in providing information about the autism and is known as the largest collective voice that represents autism community for more than 33 years. Through the voluntary electronic network in recent times there are over 24000 members associated with the ASA in more than 50 states. The precept of the Autism Society of America is to encourage lifelong entrance and prospects for persons within the range of autism and their family members. This society offers advice, generates public awareness, educates the society and provides researches that are related to autism. The ASA is devoted towards generating the awareness and the problems that are faced in day-today activities by an individual with autism (University of Hawaii, 2008). For analyze autism there are no medical tests. There are many different ways in interoperating the autism suffering individuals. Many of the behaviors that are associated with t

Social Media Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Media Network - Essay fashion modelcial media ar both an opportunity and a threat. Not going away. Very important, probably will sustain even more so. 153 Words Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sociable media and evaluate its importance in todays society. The twenty first century is characterised by a very fast pace of life, and the proliferation of information technology. The age of industrial enterprise and manufacturing has given way to a postmodern age of globalisation where in Western developed countries in that location is an emphasis on service industries. The whole of society has now become networked in multiple unlike ways. (Castells, 1999). Computers are the to a faultls of this new trade, and while some people in the world are reaping great benefits from this expert revolution, in that location are millions who through poverty and exclusion rotter non participate in the new wave of social media which is taking over the world. This paper examines how social media, such as facebook, flickr, youtube, and twitter are affecting clement relations in many ways, looking first and the advantages they offer and secondly the inherent disadvantages. There are four main advantages in social media, namely maintaining relationships with friends and family forging new relationships, which can include get and selling things, playing games, meeting people through dating sites etc facilitating work and education tasks, by utilise social media to gather information, make connections with experts, or collaborate on tasks and above all there is a huge potential for the formation of common interest groups including those which promote particular leisure pursuits, hobbies, political parties, faith or any other subject. All of these possibilities enrich the range of connections that an individual makes, and have the potential toy concrete benefits to daily life, especially for people who are lonely, disabled, housebound, or just in need of fr iendship. Similarly, there are a number of disadvantages associated with social media including the possibility of deception, since people on social media sites are secret and may provide false information or act with malicious intent social media can be very distracting, and even addictive, especially when conveyed over mobile devices like the iphone they entail a bolshy of privacy, and in some situations a loss of self-respect, since items placed on social media sites can often not be removed, leaving a lasting legacy for others to contain, and finally they offer a kind of counterchange for real human relationships and this can be a huge disappointment to people who invest too much hope in social media. Some of the disadvantages of social media are quite subtle, as for pillowcase was predicted back in the 1960s by theorists who pointed out that the medium is the message (McLuhan, 1964, pp. 7-20) , which means that the way we come to to technology causes us to take in hidden messages which in turn change the way we see the world, and indeed ourselves. When using social media, people can adopt any identity they wish, and can sample so widely that they lose touch with their own

Gun- Carry Permits in New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gun- transfer Permits in New York City - Essay ExampleHowever, the real problem lies deeper than this. The dilemma is not completely when limited to the possession of gaseous states but extends to the social and economic sphere. Thus, a policy needs to be created not further restricting guns but on creating aw areness and promoting responsibility when handling guns. The possession and transportation of harness in violation of the laws may result in a charge of Misdemeanor or felony filed against the person. The needed jail time for possession of a firearm is approximately a year or above. condescension these strict policies, the alarming increase in crime rate and in the number of school shootings stay the most disturbing factor. Beginning from the incident of Whitman in the tower of the University of Texas to S. H. Chos firing in Virginia tech every last(p floridicate) such incidents point at the same thing. This is the easy access of guns and the confused psychological mi ndset. These gory events in the history of America are serious issues and must be treated as such. After Virginia Tech shootings, the mountain were open to ban the purchase of guns on the basis that Cho had acquired it. However, there are other opportunities that people can avail in order to possess a gun legally. This includes purchasing them at gun fairs without having to get their history checked. This makes for a serious drawback in the policies through which anyone can go and purchase a gun. A shocking fact observed here suggests that the severity of laws and policies does not seem to be play a role in hampering crimes. Implementation of the written policies and action upon them is requisite to decline such acts. prevalence of law and order along with practical implementation of the written word alone can govern an end to such issues (School Shootings and Violence 2012). The tug of war between crime and the defense seems not only to be triggered by the wave of terrorism bu t it is forever and a day fanned by the raising racist sentiments which are a direct product of terrorism. Since 9/11 a great number of terrorist activities hurl been viewed in the US. At some places Muslims were killed by white racists and at some whites were killed by Muslim Racists thus continuing the blame game. Moreover the collapsing economy, relapse of the governmental infrastructure and the unrest created as a bi-product constantly boosts up the crime rate. Slums are increasing day by day unemployment and an empty stomach are capable of a lot more than the guns can do. Some places of the posh NYC agree become red zones due to the increasing accumulation of unemployed people turned into criminals. Some analysts have argued that it is not the aggregate number of guns in circulation that increases gun violence, but the carrying of guns in high- peril places at a high risk time. Thus, equal economic opportunities must be ensured in order to cultivate a peaceful environment . Moreover, equality with respect to ethnicity and race will also encourage harmony (Sherman, Shaw, Rogan & National Institute of Justice 1995). It seems to be a natural phenomenon to release frustration whenever and wherever an outlet is found. In this relation numerous incidents have been reported. On March 8 2012 it was reported in the New York Times that no one has been able to explain why a Spanish teacher who had been fired from the Episcopal School of Jacksonville fatally lance the head of the school and himself with an assault rifle.

LinkedIn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LinkedIn - analyze ExampleIt is expected that by the year of 2015, that the majority of the individuals within the workforce of United States will translate those who are jr. than 35 years old and in other nations such as Asian nations, the workforce universe will represent even a younger generation. LinkedIn need to change its dodge and needs to target the younger portion of thee workforce and implement ideas that will help promote younger generations in the corporate world. Another weakness in LinkedIn is that there is a major percentage of the population that are recognized as temporary workers, or blue collar employees who have low direct of skills and do not have a college level or university level degree attached to their names. LinkedIn needs to focus on these individuals and provide them with assistance that can help them promote themselves promotionally. They can help them by keeping the current system of information sharing and adding the features of profile and picture sharing to enhance chances of purpose for this side of the workforce.Sundberg, Jorgen. Global LinkedIn Demographics and Statistics January 2012 Slides. The Undercover Recruiter. N.p., 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

Applying E-Commerce in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Applying E-Commerce in business - act ExampleThey can also use a variety of platforms to access these processs example mobiles, laptops and ground computers. This infrastructure contains universal standards and is globally reachable. It is rich in diversity and accommodates videos, audios and text messaging. They enable firms to host hump conferences, instant messaging (IM), file transferring and text based live chat across the globe. E-commerce infrastructure enables legal interacting between clients in multi stratums including consumers, producers and vendors. It decreases the cost and increases the quality of business transactions. It allows clients to customize and personalize the services according to the requirements of dissimilar parties (Turban, et. al, 2012). E-commerce generates a number of economic benefits to the businesses due to the above characteristics such as decreasing cost, increasing brilliance in communication, expanding market and enhancing customer relat ions. The cost of travelling to market place is saved and the physical social movement is no longer required for bargaining in realistic markets. Videos, audios, pictures and graphics used in virtual markets can simulate the real shopping experience to buyers. Market of the modern day business has expand widely across the globe. It is not constrained by country borders, racial, religious, language and ethnicity based differences. It does not ingest rigid time zones. Billions of potential consumers and various producers can meet in virtual market places. Consumer becomes a co-participant in marketing process. Hence the products can be customized according to individual preferences unlike in tralatitious marketing methods (Turban, et. al, 2012). It can be converged with contemporary trends in Information Technologies such as cloud reckon. Benefits of veil computing for E-Commerce Based on the predicting analyses by Nelson (2010) it is forecasted that 80% proportion of total E-co mmerce in the world go out be taken over by cloud computing within 10 years. Processing of payments utilize the internet and the webs involve identification of transaction ID, customer name, dollar amount, date/time of transaction and place of the payment. All these can be converged in cloud infrastructure at a comparatively subvert cost and a higher efficiency (Knowledge Center, 2011). Hence cloud computing depicts the potential growth of E-commerce as well. According to the definition of Mell, and Grance (2011), cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction (p.2). The above definition contains a number of characteristics of E-commerce infrastructure. Economic characteristics of cloud computing are as follows. On-de mand self-service involves utility based access to the cloud without involving of human component for providing the service each time a customer needs it. Broad network provides heterogeneous platforms. Resource pooling allows aggregating the storage, memory, impact capacity and network bandwidth of idle computers across the globe and a number of customers who are unaware of the particularised location where the service is provided from. Rapid elasticity involves immediately and unlimitedly providing the services while ensuring its availability, accessibility and

Final proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final end - Essay ExampleManchester offers various properties suited for economical development, relocation tending, financing and tax credits as economic incentives to assist revenue flow in the local region. Especially in difficult economic times, Manchesters rather liberal assistance and incentive programs impart aid in maintaining short-term advantageousness by avoiding high relocation costs.The provision of demographic and marketing information This would include elements of consumer behavior and the pagan/cultural differences to assist in creating workable marketing strategies to increase profitability.The provision of regulatory assistance This includes assistance in understanding the practical application of rules and laws which are mandated by Manchester to provide information on how best(p) to structure the business to satisfy legal expectations. This could potentially prevent any future liability on behalf of MMK.The provision of various loans Manchester wants to draw business to its region, thus offering various loans make the environment much suitable in the event of having to borrow additional capital for improvements to the company.The provision of technical assistance This will help the company to understand how best to incorporate various technologies to make the company more filmable and flexible to changing market demands.Quality of life is also evident in Manchester, which will be a positive motivational aspect, from a lifestyle perspective, for any international expatriate employees who will be required to assist in developing the new American facility. As expatriate assignments are principally long-term (Mathis & Jackson, 2005), quality educational facilities are available for school-aged children as well as 900 acres of parks, playgrounds, swim facilities, beaches, and ski regions (ManchesterNH.gov). For managers or

Persuasive speech on NCAA should allow financial compensation to Essay

Persuasive speech on NCAA should allow financial honorarium to collegiate athletes - Essay ExampleIn some cases these athletes are also given special word by their colleges in regards to their academic issues like excused absences, extra tutorial classes and their schedules are also really lenient. One of the major concerns is that these money payments would change their status from amateur athletes to professional ones and this could generate unsportsman like deportment form these players. Hence, their part of the argument is that when everything is given to them through scholarship then why they need more(prenominal) financial compensations.On the other hand sport fans who believe that these athletes should be paid for their share in bringing huge profits to their respective colleges. This would give them incentive to work steady harder and stay in college to complete their study instead of joining professional teams. This can also lessen the illegal traffic and payments whi ch sometimes these athletes indulge in to pay for their everyday expenses.There are a lot of misconceptions regarding the detail that college scholarships should be enough for the student athletes. Sometimes these young athletes are demoralized by their schools because where their schools are qualification huge profits through them they cannot come up with the money for their food, entertainment or sometimes even educational costs. The author says that the NCAA places limits on how much money a student can earn and how some(prenominal) hours student athlete can work (Delaney, Madigan 124).Giving financial compensations to student athletes can actually remind them to work hard and side by side would also help them get proper education. acquire proper education along with sports will broaden their career opportunities. This thing is very crucial in every persons life because education is as much important as sports. agree to Wladimir and Szymanski paying these players can make t he competitive advantage to the institutes to disappear (380).NCAA

Persian carpets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persian carpets - Essay ExampleThe increased urbanism and industrial expansion in Iran in the contemporary age has in no way, weakened the Iranians association with carpets. Carpets have always been and get over to be the most particular and fantabulous characteristic feature of the Iranian culture and heritage. Iranians deep-rooted associated with this insignia of their internal heritage brings support to the ambiance of every Iranian home. The history of Persian carpets encompasses a complete placard of the way one of the greatest civilizations of the world has evolved and ruled over the world of arts and crafts through something as simple as a carpet. From being simply articles of need, as pure and simple floor approach covering to protect the nomadic tribesmen from the cold and damp, the increasing beauty of the carpets found them new owners - kings and nobleman, those who looked for signs of wealth or adornment for fine buildings (The Persian Carpet Gallery). Ctesiphon was conquered by the Arabs in 637. The Spring Time of Khosroe was amongst the carpets they retrieved from Iran. This has conventionally been recognise as the most distinct piece of art of its time. The 90 feet square carpet has been described by the Arab historians in these words The border was a magnificent flower bed of blue, red, white, yellow and green stones in the background the colour of the earth was imitated with gold clear stones like crystals gave the illusion of water the plants were in silk and the fruits were organise by colour stones (Kianush). In the 13th century, the Mongols found Persian carpets after their invasion into the country. This changed the artistic life of Iran for the following 200 years. As a result of the devastation caused by the Mongols, the carpet weaving arc saw a decline. However, the conqueror Tamerlane spared the Iranian artisans and led them to Turkistan from where, the Persian carpet art started to flourish again. Tamerlanes son Shah Rokh enc ouraged the carpet weavers and facilitated them with resources to help them increase the production. The Persian carpet art saw a climax when the lavish gallant support provided the weavers with the finest materials for carpet making. In 1499, Shah Ismail took measures to establish a national persistence in Iran to help the weavers optimize on their skills. Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty helped the industry spread. Persian carpets were brought from the nomads tents to the towns and industrialized cities. Establishment of a royal carpet factory in Isfahan and recruitment of artisans to provide the craftsmen with professional designs were some steps that led the Persian carpet art to its apogee. One of the hand-woven Persian carpets from the 5th century B.C. is in the Pazyryk valley. Over the centuries, this carpet has capture a little bedraggled, though a thick sheet of ice was gunstockally used to maintain it that kept protecting this carpet for more than 2500 years. It was in 1929 when Rudenko and Griaznov led a Russian ethnographic missionary work to excavate the five tumuli. They discovered a magnificent carpet while excavating the fifth tumulus. Experts attribute its origin to Persia because of its obvious resemblance with the antique Persian art. The outer of the two principal border bands is decorated with a line of horsemen seven on each side, twenty-eight in numeral -- a figure which corresponds to the number of males

Political science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political science - Research Paper Examplean Glover persuasively argues that the propensity of people in the West to attempt to explain the race murder in Rwanda by harking bet on to tribal divisions and historic tribal animosities is an oversimplification which does not do middlingice to the conflict. Accordingly, by focusing on the inevitability of such tribal animosity Western scholars have ignored important preconditions to the outbreak of genocide in Rwanda in 1994. As the poorest country in data set 9, the world-wide movement to atone for the historical injustices faced by the Tutsi people is alive and well in post-genocide Rwanda (CIA, 2009).Genocide in Rwanda did not just happen. The Belgian colonial experience shaped the artificial ethnic divisions in Rwanda which shaped political relation for years to come, culminating in the genocide of 1994. Accordingly, the conflict in Rwanda was more than a civil war or short-term conflict. While estimates vary, up to one million pe ople largely Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed in an fantastically short period of time. The Rwandan genocide was not a standard civil war and was an orchestrated full-scale genocide perpetuated against the Tutsi minority but extremists in spite of appearance the Hutu camp. A hate campaign against Tutsis and moderate Hutus was conducted through a variety of means by gnocidaires intent on eradicating the Tutsi presence in Rwanda. Fearing a Tutsi-led violation in the aftermath of Habyrimanas death, the genocide planned by people wanting to keep causality (Glover, 121) and a variety of means were used to coerce the Rwandan population to engage in the genocide. Instead of a mere tribal hostility, Glover argues for individual agency in attempting to account for the emergence of the genocide and argues that key players within the Hutu extremist establishment were responsible for the events that transpired after Habyrimanas plane crashed. Instrumentalism is a theoretical paradigm which argues that things mountt just happen, events

Studies in entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Studies in entrepreneurship - Research Paper congresswomanHe outlines the resources needed in fulfilling the need place. The entrepreneur is often responsible for the success of the business identified and its failure as well therefore, he has to plan on how to suffice the business amidst all the problems and challenges in the immediate and external environment.The entrepreneur often operates in some kind of an entrepreneurship ecosystem whereby he has to plan and prove tools that he can use to obtain additional funding and other resources needed in the movement of the identified goals and objectives. For instance, he has to prepare his business plan in order get assistance from the marge and other financial systems.Entrepreneuship has caused the gorwth and ontogeny of small business intiatives to become large international ventures (Stevenson, 1997). This has led to neat success of these multinational corporations that has been aided by resourceful and able networking among the stakeholders involved and the investors (Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990). During the course, one of the areas that interested me was the development of the social capital. This is because, in long term, it helps in achieving great internationalization in many business activities crossways countries of the world. This paper summarizes all that I have learnt, showing the areas that have been of great interest to me.Stevenson & Zarillo (1990), have been impelling in their research about the different ways in which people can start and manage business activities. According to this research, entrepreneurship is an important activity through which people can identify and exploit their various potential in solving various needs in the society and corporate world. In the alike(p) way, Stevenson (1997), outlines the six different dimensions on the subject of entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship in itself is a process that requires careful

Alexander the Great Essay Example for Free

horse parsley the Great Essay black lovage III the Great was a King and a conqueror of the Persian Empire. He was known as one of the greatest military prodigies of all time. He inspired many, such as Hannibal the Carthaginian, the Romans Pompey, and Napoleon. He was born(p) around July 20, 356 B. C. in Pella, which is the prehistoric capital of Macedonia. black lovage was the son of Phillip II, King of Macedonia, and of his fourth wife Olympias, an Epirote princess. black lovages sisterhood revolved around his engender. He spent most of his time watching his father transform Macedonia into a great military power.He withal watched them win advantage by and by victory on the skirmishfields of Balkans. At the age of twelve he showed his father and bystanders his equestrian skills when he tamed Bucephalus, a wild stallion. Thereafter, he would ride him into every major battle. At age sixteen horse parsleys father left him in charge to rule Macedonia while he invaded Thrac e. During the invasion, a Thracian people bordering North Eastern Macedonia rebelled and became a threat to the country. horse parsley created and lead his force against the rebels and defeated the Maedi and renamed it Alexandropolis.Two long time later, Alexanders father gave him a high ranking position among his senior generals as the Macedonia army invaded Greece. Not long after the Macedonian army defeated the Greeks at Chaeronea, Alexanders parents illogical and the family split. King Philip later married Cleopatra, an aristocratic Macedonian girl. Shortly thereafter, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, fled the country to Epirus after Alexander had an altercation with his stepmothers uncle, General Attalus and his father, King Philip.The General commented at King Philip and Cleopatras wedding counterpane that the couple would one day give birth to a legitimate heir a child of pure Macedonian blood. Alexander became enraged and threw his cup at the General. In turn, King Philip drew his leaf blade and charged toward Alexander. Years later, Alexander returned to Macedonia, but lived in isolation and remained removed from the Macedonian court. In the leap of 336 BC, while the Persian invasion was going on, King Phillip was assassinated by a Macedonian frightful Pausanias.Both ancient and modern historians questioned why he was killed. There are accusations that he was murdered because he denied the Pausanias justice and sought support in punishing Cleopatras uncle Attalus for his early mistreatment. There are also claims that Olympias and Alexander were responsible for the assassination. Philips dream of conquering the Persian Empire would now rest in the hands of his successor, his 22-year old son, Alexander III. Once Alexander succeeded his father as King of Macedonia, he consistent the execution of all of his native enemies.He also found himself embroiled in a series of rebellions against the conquered nations who saw their opportunity to gain independence due to his fathers death. Alexander had to act pronto to diffuse these uprisings by bringing the Illyrians, Thracians, and the Greeks back under Macedonian rule. Alexander would go on to uncover his military power by entering into three great battles the Battle of Granicus, the Battle of Issus, and the Battle of Gaugmela. His sum total attention was focused on invading Asia and conquering that territory.As Alexander sailed to the Asia Minors Coast, he threw a spear while on board that stuck into the fusee. When Alexander stepped onto shore he pulled the spear from the ground and pronounced that all of Asia would be defeated by that Macedonian spear. The Macedonians defeated the Persians, but the Greeks held their ground and fought back. Nevertheless, the Macedonians were victorious. 18 thousand Greeks perished on the banks of Granicus and 2,000 survivors were captured and sent to Macedonia as forced laborers.The second great battle was the Battle of Issus. The Mac edonians came crossways the Persian armies under the authority of King Darius III in Northwestern Syria. The Macedonians were critically outnumbered, but the battle ended in a great win for Alexander. Tens of thousands of soldiers were killed from the opposing side and King Darius fled in desperation, release his family behind. The third Battle was the Battle of Gaugamela. In this battle, Alexander received support from Europe, restructured his forces, and set out for Babylon.Alexander seized lands between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and established the Persian army at the plains of Guagamela. It is estimated that the army consisted of one million men. Once again, Darius and Alexander met on the battlefield and just as he did in the battle of Issus, Darius fled in defeat. This time he fled to Ecbatana in Media. The Macedonians burned the royal palace in Persepolis several months thereafter, finishing the termination of the ancient Persian Empire. Alexander would continue to pu rsue King Darius to Persepolis, but would discover that he had been assassinated by some other enemy.Out of respect for King Darius, Alexander gave him a royal funeral. Years later, Alexander and 80 of his nearest friends married Persian noblewomen. He began to promote marriages between non-native soldiers and native women. The Macedonians did not like this idea. One of Alexanders desires was to unify the Macedonians and Persians and form a mixed breed elite army that would be tie only to him. Sadly, this would never come to be. Shortly before beginning his Arabian campaign, Alexander became ill, with a fever, after attending his friends Medius of Larisas party.His illness worsened day by day and got so bad that he couldnt move or speak. On June 7, 323 BC, Alexander passed away. Alexander the Great died at the age of 33 without naming a successor to the Macedonian Empire. Once again, the Greeks rebelled and started up a war known as the Lamian War. The Macedonians were defeated an d were forced to split into four kingdoms, Seleucus (Asia), Ptolemy (Egypt), Lysimachus (Thrace), and Antipaters son Cassander (Macedonia, including Greece).

Gender Speech Community Essay Example for Free

Gender Speech fraternity EssayAbstractThis research paper result focus on the human phraseology. Human manner of speaking is extremely significant for all pluralitys. My main topic for this paper is how we manipulation and arise lyric, the production of wording, phrase erudition and the importance of the diminutive period. Chomsky, Skinner, and Whorf all had various theories on lecture but all had unitaryness major thing in common, which was the significance of language. Regardless of when or how language is developed it is native to be in possession of living in environment where every one using language to talk, learn and receive knowledge. The ship representation in Which People Use and Develop linguistic communication andThe Effects it May Have on a PersonIf a person does not develop oral language this will affect the way in which people communicate with an another(prenominal)(prenominal) people. From birth byout their lives time people atomic number 18 taught the uses of language and create a way of confabulation. Language is the main component for all humans. The use of language-the communication of education through with(predicate) symbols arranged according to systematic rules-is a central cognitive ability, one that is indispensable for us to communicate with one another (Stapel Semin, 2007 Hoff 2008 Resiberg). Language is essential to how we communicate, think, and understand the world. Without language our ability to convey information, get hold knowledge and cooperate with others would be hindered. This paper looks at Chomsky, benzoin Lee Whorf and B.J. Skinners theories on language acquisition and why language it is so important to have and what could happen to a person if he/she were apart(p) from baseball club.In order to comprehend how language is created and relates to thought, we first need to know that the basic structure of language is grammar. Grammar is a set of rules that clarifies how our thoughts can b e articulated. There be triad main elements that go with grammar they are phonology, syntax, and semantics. Phonology is the study of the smallest unit of speech called phonemes. Phonemes are the way we use sounds to form words and erect meaning. Syntax deals with how words and phrases can be united to form sentences and semantic rules allow us to render meanings to words. Feldman, Robert S. (2011). Although many people may have a hard time explaining the meanings of these words, we all subconsciously use grammar every day in a linguistic wayLanguage starts during infancy from three months through one-year- old. Children begin to make insignificant speech like sounds that is called babble. In the school text Feldman, Robert S. (2011) stated that while babbling, they produce, at one time or another, any of the sounds found in all languages, not just the one to which are exposed. Even deaf children demonstrate their own form of babbling, who are incapable to hear, yet who are ex posed to sign language from birth babble in their own way. In the same textbook I stated before Feldman, Robert S. (2011) indicates that babies babbling imitates the precise language being spoken in the childs environment which focuses more on the pitch and tone of the person talking to the child. As the do by gets older, he or she starts to specialize in the language that they were exposed to from birth.To support what I am utter I read an article called Language and read/write head Development Jump Start copyright fall in Feature Syndicate stated that a child is introduced to language virtually at the moment of birth. Children do not require explicit language instruction, but they do need exposure to language in order to develop normally. Children who do not receive linguistic enter during their formative years do not achieve native like grammatical competence.There were three theorists that had their own speculation on language acquisition but intertwined with my thesis. Le t us begin with Noam Chomsky. Chomsky was a very well- known linguist. He believes that human brains have a language acquisition device that we are in born(p) with. All children are born with a universal grammar that makes them amenable to the common features of language because of this hard-wired background in grammar children easily strip up a language when they are exposed to its particular grammar. Http//www.brighthubeducation.com/language-learning-tips/71728-noam-chomsky-language-acquisition-theories/. Basically Chomsky believed that all children develop language around the same age and all develop language skills rapidly and naturally. The next theorist was Benjamin Lee Whorf. Whorfs theory is that children will learn language skills through interaction with others rather than admit the knowledge involuntarily.He was fuckd for his study that focused on a persons thought skills, how their ideas and expressions all depend on language. He anticipated a theory called linguisti c relativity. This theory determines the way people think. In other words we think in terms of words or other symbols, and they are required as a precondition for a human to form an ideaor, at least, to express the idea to others. Although thinking involves mental manipulation of reality, it is heavily dependent upon words or other symbols. Bergman. Jerry (Benjamin Lee Whorf An Early Supporter of Creationism). My last theorist was B.F. Skinner. Skinner thought language is attained through standards of conditioning, association, parody and, reinforcement. The difference from Chomsky and Skinner one believed he or she is born with language where Skinner believed that people have to be taught how to speak by close to ones language acquisition.All three theorists have their own assumptions on language acquisition. Chomsky believes we are born with the skills for language. Skinner believes children is learn through imitation that focuses on behavior and Whorf thought language was devel oped by interaction with peers rather than being born with it. The one major factor that they all share is the importance of language from birth. If children are deprived of language from the start they will suffer drastically, which proves my statement in the beginning which was, children who are isolated from language and communication from the primeval ages will deal with major effects when they are older.A major period that some theorists believe is crucial for language development is called the lively period, which can cause many effects in learning language. From the article Introduction Brain and Language explained what the critical-age hypothesis was. This theory believes language is organically found and the capacity to learn your inhabitant language develops from birth to middle childhood. Subsequent to this period, the attainment of grammar is complicated for nearly people and never fully grasped.Children who are not exposed of language during this critical period wil l have a difficult time overcoming this deficit. This concept can be proved to be current in humans and other species. 22. Introduction Brain and Language gave an subject of ducklings. For casing, from nine to twenty-one months aft(prenominal) hatching, ducks will follow the first moving object they see regardless if it is a duck or not. This behavior did not come subconsciously but from an external teaching, or intensive practice. Other examples of the critical period that is strongly associated to language learning is the critical period in certain songbirds, e.g., zebra finches or discolour crowned sparrows (Marler, 1970).For children there have been cases that support this theory. For instance, there was a young boy who was isolated from society also known as the wild child. In the film produced by Francois Truffaut The Wild Child was base on a young boy named passe-partout. It was determined that he was left in forest and survived shockingly. (Language and Brain Developm ent 23.) In the YouTube documentary we learned that overlord was not capable to speak or recognize language. He was brought to Paris where he was first put into a deaf school, but after Francois Truffaut observes Victor he believes he can hear and can be educated. After a while, Victor begins to crystalize some kind of language from being in society. (http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dA2W0SwIwY).Another perfect example that supports the conjecture of the critical period is a girl named Genie. Genie as well as Victor was a wild child. Genie was abused and isolated from all society from eighteen months to about xiv years of age. Genie was restricted to a small room under terrible conditions and accredited negligible to none of human contact. Genie was not able to talk or knew any language at all. (Language and Brain Development 23) said this linguistic inability could simply be caused by the fact that these children received no linguistic input, showing that language acquisition, t hough an innate, neurologically based ability, must be triggered by input from the environment.Like Victor, Genie learned some kind of language but lacked grammatical structure. Possessing language is essential to have living in a society. Without language you would not be able to communicate, give, and receive knowledge. For instance Genie in (Introduction Brain and Language) said The cases of Genie and other isolated children, as well as deaf late learners of ASL, show that children cannot fully acquire language unless they are exposed to it within the critical perioda biologically determined window of opportunity during which time the brain is prepared to develop language. People use and develop language in their lives and it is important to have developed it in an early age.ReferencesFeldman, Robert S. (2011). Essentials of Understanding Psychology Jump Start copyright . United Feature Syndicate. Reprinted with permission. Introduction Brain and Language http//suite101.com/artic le/how-we-learn-language-a158847Aitchinson, Jean (1976). The Articulate Mammal An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. London Hutchinson Co. http//www.healthofchildren.com/L/Language-Development.htmlhttp//www.icr.org/article/6391/http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dA2W0SwIwY

Ernest Hemingway’s for Whom the Bell Tolls Essay Example for Free

Ernest Hemingways for Whom the doorbell Tolls EssayErnest Hemingway is atomic number 53 of the critically acclaimed fiction writers of his quantify, because of the storys that he wrote which both captivated the readers and at the same time triggered different responses from critics and literary psychoanalysts. His maneuvers were admired, and the writer given the respect due to him because of the impact he and his works have do in the field of lit. precisely homogeneous the experience of many an(prenominal) other great writers, there atomic number 18 also those who do not regard Hemingways works with the same level of admiration and fervor. As Shuman wrote, Although For whom the Bell Tolls was the unanimous choice of the panel for the Pulitzer Prize in letter in 1941, the chair overturned the recommendation on the grounds that it was too controversial. No Pulitzer Prize for fiction was awarded that year (Shuman 676). But regardless of this fact, Hemingways works have the many different characteristics that made it more than a great read, and peerless of the most important characteristic of his works is how culture is reflected in his works and how his works are obviously influenced by the existing culture which contributed in the shaping of the story as it happened in the novel. One of Hemingways works that reflect this characteristic is his widely popular work For Whom the Bell Tolls.How this text influenced culture positively and/or negatively One of the most obvious impacts of the novel to the culture is the addition of a sweet masterpiece which literary analysts, critics and historians will reference and refer to for years to come. The novel attacked and complimented Spain and its culture during the time of the vivification of the characters present there, and because the novel is close to real life where there is a conscious effort to devil the story closely akin to Spain, the Spanish lifestyle and other cultures found in the country during the special(prenominal) time set, readers especially of Spanish decent may find it easy to relate to the novel.So do other people who can relate to the different challenges that is found in the novel that features cultural traits that is never dying and never fading struggle, victory, defeat, honesty, savour, betrayal, patriotism, anger and sadness, all of which found in a novel that moves more or less in a really short yet scattered period of time which was long fair to middling to deliver the message it intends to send to the readers. The novels action covers only three days, but flashbacks and difference give it a broader scope. In fact, this novel might be called an epic of modern Spain, and it is surely Hemingways love song to the Spanish people (Shuman 676).Another impact of the novel on the culture is that Hemingway managed to add to the many different tools by which the Spanish people can understand themselves by reviewing their past and the struggles that the people of the venerable Spain underwent. Hemingways view of the Spanish, as of all the nationalities and ethnic groups he wrote about, was never blindly complimentary (Shuman 676). Hemingways novel serves as a time machine for people who want to go back during the time of the Spanish cultured War and get a glimpse of the life that was there during that time without the literature of the likes of Hemingway and his novel, it maybe a tad difficult to do so.Through this literary work of Hemingway, Spain and the rest of the origination now has frozen an imagination of a real past, and everyone who wishes the journey can return to Robert Jordan and Maria, return the bombs and atrocities of the Spanish elegant War, return to the personal dilemma that every character cheekd especially in the face of grave, serious and long lasting consequences. This novel can provide a stable leg from which literary and historical synopsis can be made particularly with reference to the different leve ls and spheres of challenges found amongst the Spanish population at the height and extent of the Spanish Civil War.The contribution of Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls to the party and how the work affect the culture that absorbed it can also be seen in the manner by which the novel acted as an important linchpin in many different literary and historical discussions. Critics and analyst debate and expand different areas of argument involved in the complex subject of the Spanish Civil War, largely because of the contribution of the novel on its literary merit and how it puts color in a very important part of the Spanish history. Hemingway wrote something that will be considered important and significant both by his genesis and those who will come before him, and many knowings will wonder and argue about the characteristics of the author and the novel and how it ultimately impacted the Spanish culture and the literary world in general.As Kurzweil and Philips wrote, Mr. Wilson d escribes Hemingways policy-making consciousness as not so highly developed as it is with a writer like Malraux (Kurzweil and Philips 140), an opinion stemming from the analysis of political consciousness, partisan journalism and the differences in the ability of Hemingway and his contemporaries based on the review of a particular work, in Hemingways case For Whom the Bell Tolls. Of course, posing the alternative in these terms, one must agree that For Whom the Bell Tolls is vastly preferable to the partisan journalism of The Fifth Column. But there is another alternative, namely the treatment of revolutionary struggle as Malraux and Silone have treated it in their novels, on the level of political consciousness (Kurzweil, Philips 140).The release of this particular work of Hemingway to the consciousness of the people and the inclusion body of this material in the overall culture starting the time it was made available to the public affected culture in a way that it allowed student s of different disciplines to have another perspective at look things and to reference another person and another different approach based largely on the how Hemingway and his work is in itself something that stands out from the rest of the field because of its characteristics that is inherent to the author, his style and his outputs. Hemingways work provided a impudent dimension in the world of literary writing, something that other persons can learn from and develop.The effect of the text on the culture indeed was very noticeable, if not high impact. The effect generally rests on the emotive and intellectual spheres of individuals and ripples out through the actions that they take after they are affected by what they read. If the novel altered their expression and their behavior altered culture, then it is safe to say that the novel indeed impacted culture as culture impacted the writing of the novel vice versa. at that place are realizations that the readers experience, reali zation that can peradventure lead to a change in behavior and trigger a change in a particular aspect of the culture.Take for example the realization that readers may experience according to Ferrer, Manuel and Derrick. Through the analysis of the character(s) in the novel, readers are moved towards a realistic realization that can be potent enough to trigger cultural change through newfound cultural enlightenment. Ferrer, Manuel and Derrick wrote, For Whom the Bell Tolls suggest that the Spanish Civil War endangers Spains entire heritage, so Hemmingway refers to the ancient Phoenician and Greek civilizations that colonized Spain. At one point in the novel, Jordan thinks of the old Iberians (Ferrer, Manuel and Derrick 287). Hemingway makes the direct correlation between Robert Jordans last name the Jordan River Just as the Jordan River separates the Hebrews from the Promised Land, Robert Jordans demolition of the bridge is designed to protect the ideological promised land of the Sp anish Republic (Ferrer, Manuel and Derrick 262).There were other effects to the culture, like how the work may alter the perception of the people outdoors Spain and outside that time frame of the particular culture being represented, not knowing which is true and which is inaccurate, since criticisms of Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls for the last fifty years has been dominated by charges that the writer falsified fact and ignored truths (San Juan 91).

SCP model Strategy Essay Example for Free

SCP model Strategy Essay edifice on the SCP model, Michael Porter developed the highly influential quintuple forces model. Porters model identifies five key competitive forces that managers need to consider when analysing the industry environment and formulating strategy Porters 5 competitive forces model is starting point for strategic analysis that is used for assessing the charismaticness of an industry (Johnson,et al , 2008) and disc everywhereing a desirable strategic innovation that improve the industry and company net profitability (Wit and Meyer,2005) The nemesiss to rising entrantsThe threat from new entrants is very high. Entering the electric automotive industry in 2003, Tesla itself faced the challenges of being the new entrant into the grocery having numerous financial troubles that required high capital investments, building the brand and distributions channels. However, for formal manufacturers with considerable economic antecedent to enter this market is relatively low due to their capabilities and governmental programme support for developing electric vehicle (Shirouzu, 2011). There is a relatively low barrier to main course due to the higher demand for environmental friendly vehicles and with other outlets for available technology for lithium-ion batteries, it is a train of playing field where any company can replicate (Shirouzu,2011). This is an external threat that Tesla faces because this technology is uncomplicated to imitate by competitors.The bargaining power of BuyersOverall bargaining power of buyers is modest. According to Tesla Annual key (2014), they rely on their relationship with Daimler and Toyota (Brown, 2013). The partnership is very important for Tesla, because supplying these companies constitutes the high share of their profit and thus, they cannot lose them, making their power considerably high. However, they also sell their cars to individual customers, and umpteen government incentives come back potent ial customers tax credit deduction (Ministry of Transportation, 2010). These programs stimulate the demand of electric cars that makes bargaining power low. panic of SubstitutionThe threat of substitutes is considerably law in automotive industry, because there are only few choices in the substitution of car. One of thesubstitutes can be walking or biking that is very inconvenience for considerable distances. Moreover, mass transportation such as trains, buses, and subways are substitutes that are suitable for local and distant locomotion (Dutch, 2008). However, many people prefer to have their own car that is more convenient.The Bargaining Power of SuppliersThe power of suppliers is very high due to the fact that company is highly dependent on these suppliers and any problems with components delivering result result in production disruption that negatively reflects on company image. This is due to purchasing components from over 200 suppliers over the world. Despite of building c lose relationships with main suppliers such as Panasonic (Tesla Motors, 2014), working together on the development of new battery cell and replacing Lotus supplier s systema skeletale with manufacturing by themselves (Tesla Motors, 2014), many suppliers stay single sources of components used in their cars (Harryson and Keller, 2013)The Intensity of Rivalry in the exertionThe rivalry in the whole automotive industry is very competitive. However, within electrical vehicle market in which Tesla position itself, the rivalry is modest because of small number of competitors in the face of 18 opposite current models, the main of which are Nissan Leaf Ford Focus BEV and Chevrolet Volt (Insideevs.com, 2014). However, this market is very attractive and expanding fast, therefore more companies, including BMW, Audi and Volkswagen, has entered it recently with their plug-in models (White, 2013). In addition, every company is trying to create their niche, developing many alternatives in term of environmentally friendly cars, including hybrids, small performance turbo diesels and biodiesel cars. Thus, in future, the rivalry will be more intensive and companies will need to keep innovative, improving and making better cars.Brown, N. (2013). Daimler Wants Increased Cooperation With Tesla Motors. online CleanTechnical. for sale at http//cleantechnica.com/2013/11/07/daimler-wants-increased-cooperation-tesla-motors/ Accessed 6 April. 2014 Harryson, S. and Keller, S. (2014). Tesla Motors Case II From Technology Start up to Commercialization Vehicle.CIEL.online usable at http//ciel-lab.dk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Case_Tesla-Motors-Part-II.pdf Accessed 1 April. 2014 Insideevs.com, (2014). February 2014 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card Inside EVs. online Available at http//insideevs.com/february-2014-plug-in-electric-vehicle-sales-report-card/ Accessed 3 April. 2014 Ministry of Transportation, (2010). Newsroom Ontario Paves The Way For Electric Vehicles. online Av ailable at http//news.ontario.ca/mto/en/2010/06/ontario-paves-the-way-for-electric-vehicles.html Accessed 4 April. 2014 Tesla Motors, (2014). About Tesla Tesla Motors. online Available at http//www.teslamotors.com/about Accessed 20 April. 2014 Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (2005).Strategy synthesis. 3rd ed. London Thomson Learning.

Separating 3 solids Essay Example for Free

Separating 3 solids EssayProcedure* 5.4g. of Sand, 7.4g. of Copper sulfate and 8.3g. of Iron Filings are mixed together with a spatula in a beaker.* A magnet is then produced and the small-grey Iron is extracted.* Filter Paper is used to filter tabu the damp Sand.* A clear-blue Copper Sulfate solution is obtained.* Copper Sulfate solution is poured into an crystallising basin.* Basin is left field for a full week along with the damp Sand.* Copper Sulfate crystals are produced.D.C.P.Weight in the lead (g)AfterIron Filings8.38.3Sand5.45.5Copper Sulfate7.47.3Conclusion/EvaluationOnly slightly less(prenominal) of each material was obtained after the separation, leading to a relatively low level of passing game and error.In order to simplify the separation of the Iron Filings, and solve the problem of small pieces of Iron staying attached to the Magnet, I decided to wrap the magnet with a thin layer of paper towel that could then gliding off the magnet to release the Iron Filings and drastically decrease the chances of losing pieces of Iron.The Sand ironed more after quite a than before because it still had some water in it, whilst the Copper Sulfate weighed slightly less because of loss in small fragments of Copper Sulfate crystals left in the crystallising basin both Copper Sulfate before and after were in the form of crystals and therefore contained water.One apparent problem is that we were unable to weigh the Copper Sulfate in the crystallising basin and therefore had to risk losing some Copper Sulfate because we wouldnt be able to scratch all of it off the basin, or we had to resort to losing a significant figure. A weighing machine that could handle up to 2kg whilst at the same time not sacrificing accuracy could mother intimately solved this.Another slight problem would be that of our assumption on the amount of water endow in the crystals of Copper Sulfate in regards to before and after the experiment, although there is very little that we could have done about it.

Are Emotion and Reason Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions Essay Example for Free

Are Emotion and Reason Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions EssayIn analyzing humankind behavior and human thought outgrowthes it can be say that drive and sensations ar always present in each major decision. in that respect is no human being, pull down the most honourableisticly upright or the most unbiased referr can lease crucial honourable decisions without having to have felt the power of case and the every bit powerful emotions in his soul and body. If Emotion and Reason are taken together and if the prop wholenessnt of this paper lead not be given the freedom to choose one from the other then the answer to the query is no. There is no require to have the combined benefit of emotion and reason to justify a moral decision. But if allowed a free hand one should insist that Reason is necessary in justifying moral decisions. This paper will look into the implications of utilise Emotion and Reason in matters regarding moral decisions. This will be do ne by finding out what is the meaning of emotions and reason in the world of epistemology. But fifty-fifty before that there is a need to have a review of epistemology the theories on how human beings gravel knowledge.Background Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that deals with how man attains knowledge. For many the acquiring of knowledge from reading, observing the external environment and by doing experiments can be taken for granted. But for philosophers it is not simply about getting data and then having the ability to describe what was observed and inferred afterwards. Philosophers are persistent that man knows the ex scrap process and if there is none then one should suspect if there is actual learning that occurred after all.With this in mind it is time to introduce two diverging schools of thought when it comes to epistemology and how man exactly acquires knowledge. The first grouping of philosophers believes that human beings can get knowledge using pure reason. I t is the use of the rationale mind, to think using logic to deduce and infer from what can be observed. It is easy to say reason still it is effortful to explain the actual processes of how man looks at the different pieces of the puzzle and then be able to slang the whole picture and finds a pattern or connection.Reason is the mans secret branch and allows him to reign supreme in this planet. There is no other creature that can use the dominate the awesome power of reason in the same way as a human being. A good display case is on how man can deduce that certain plants are edible spell others are lethal. It is common knowledge that man learns to distinguish between a tasty snack and a vine of poison by observing animals around him. This is probably the same technique used to discover that the seeds unfathomable behind the coffee pod are not only edible but in addition a source of one heavenly drink.Without the ability to reason it would have been impossible for man to reali ze that there is something in that coffee pod after observing the goat or maybe birds taking a liking for the sweet fruit. other example of reason is in finding a pattern and amity in natural occurrences such as typhoons, fruiting seasons, gestation period etc. Using reason man was able to build a system where he can begin to tame genius and en experience her benefits. He can plant and channel harvest. He can build shelter and expect to be protected by an upcoming storm.Man can also reproduce his kind and even multiply his flocks knowing pretty well that there are certain laws in nature that he can rely upon and all these are possible by unleashing the power of reason. Diverging Stream Another school of thought when it comes to the acquirement of knowledge is called empiricism. The empiricists believe that it gaining knowledge through reason alone is suspect. They solicit that reason can be influenced by many factors and they conclude that biases and prejudices can interfere in the process.This is perceivable because for thousands of years man has postulated about something and made predictions about the future only to be made a fool at the end. This is because reason has its limits. It is at this point that that man is advised not to jump to conclusions. Empiricists will assert that accurate knowledge is only possible if man avails of his senses. The eyes to use to see and taproom the hands used to grasp and determine shape the ears to hear and determine sound the nose for find out smells and the tongue for taste.Emotions are feelings and better yet it is a reaction that a person can observe after the body and the mind or the heart is exposed to certain external factors. For example, a aim sees her baby crying because she had not eaten the whole mean solar day. The mother has no money to buy milk and she as well as begins to cry. Her emotion can be labeled as sadness tells her that her mind and body does not touch to the image that she saw whi ch is her poor baby experiencing acute hunger. There is another view of emotions which can be very helpful in this study.There are those who assert that emotions are not only act as messengers that tell a person whether something good or bad has occurred but they can be feelings that propels a person to do what is right even when faced with great odds. Jaggar remarked that, it is appropriate to feel joy when we are developing or exercising our creative powers, and it is appropriate to feel anger and perhaps repel in those situations where humans are denied their full creativity or freedom (1996, p. 82). A good example of such an occurrence was again given by Jaggar who wrote, Certain emotions may be twain morally appropriate and epistemologically advantageous in approaching nonhuman and even the inanimate world Jane Goodalls scientific contribution to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior seems to have been made possible only by her abominable empathy with or even love for th ese animals (1996, p. 182).To those who are familiar with Goodalls case will admire her fortitude and determination considering that she had to travel to Africa and be removed from the comforts and security of Western society and be immersed in a hostile environment, not with humans but with wild animals. It is a good instance of how emotions head someone to do something heroic. It is easy to understand what emotions can do to lift ordinary humans to stress for things that exceed his grasp. Emotions can fire-up a person and allow him to go where no one has gone before.The tarradiddle of the United States is replete with examples where tinder moral decisions were justified with the cry for freedom and equality. But there is also a counter-argument that emotions are not need to do justify moral decisions. Reason alone should be enough to move a person to do what is right. This is because emotions can be subjective. And there is no need to furnish volumes of scientific material t o prove that point. Emotions can even be counter-productive when used to analyze tough moral decisions as evidenced from the results of a new study published in Newsweek.According to Wray Herbert make-up for Newsweek (2008) A large and growing number of psychologists now argue that a welter of prejudices are stewing just below the surface of society prejudices against many ethnic groups, against women, gays, the elderly, and outsiders like the homeless and drug addicts. The bounteous question is whether these unconscious animosities are potent enough to actually shape our actions, to make us do things we ourselves find shameful.A new study suggests that, unhappily, the answer is yes. Conclusion The question whether emotion and reason are equally necessary to justify moral decisions is a double-headed query that should have been simplified by separating emotion and reason rephrasing it in two separate questions 1) Is emotion necessary to justify moral decisions and 2) Is reason n ecessary to justify moral decisions. If this is possible then the proponent of this study will say no to the first and then say yes to the second question.But since the main topic used the phrase equally necessary then the answer is no meaning there is no need to bring both emotion and reason to the process of analysis of the problem and ultimately giving the justification for a moral decision. To clarify what is meant by using emotion in the decision process, one has to revisit the example of Jane Goodall and his control with endangered species, it was her strong feelings of emotions, specifically empathy that allowed her to do so much.Using this understanding of emotion the proponent button up cannot endorse the use of emotion to judge a moral case because even with strong emotions one can still be mistaken. An excellent example would be the events that transpired in Germany in World fight II. The residents of this nation enthusiastically embraced the idea given by Hitler that Jews deserve nothing but cobblers last and suffering.The legal age agreed or at least the Nazis agreed that this is fact, even truth and they are responsible for the death of 6 million Jews. If one will go to Germany today and present the same ideas to present day Germans they will surely not react with the same fervor as they did in the time of Hitler but they will recoil in horror. This is a clear example of the subjectivity of emotions and therefore not needed to analyze tough moral issues.

Global Change Essay Example for Free

world-wide Change EssayThe idea of well-behaved hunting lodge was reinvented in the late 1980s in reception to the rapid market ontogenesis and the end of the Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the rapid development of global market due to higher international security. Market development gradually leads to the development of civil parliamentary law for two reasons Firstly, the middle class helps to fight more freedom from the politics as they want to gain more and more control of themselves. This situation, allows spaces for civil ordering to develop. Some donors search for NGOs to hold their civic or economic related interests and visions. 1 Secondly, the retreat of the welfare states in western countries win triggers the emergence of civil order as people want to address the problem themselves instead of whole depending on the invisible hand of the free market. Hong Kong, which is recognized as a newly industrialized deliverance (NIE) has adopted t he minimal-interventionist principle in economic development for a long Low tax respect and free market policies are the priorities of the Hong Kong political science. genteel society is said to be very great in the implementation of democracy as civil society is a representation of diverse interests of the people. In the grooming system of Hong Kong, though the government was willing to involve more public participation in the motion with the increasing force of democratization between 1990 and 1997, the fiber of civil society in planning form _or_ system of government formulation and implementation was not yet clear. According to the experiences of nigh UK cities, partnership between civil society and the local governments can facilitate sustainable development.It is yet to k promptly whether such kind of partnership is practicable in Hong Kong or not. So the aim of this paper is to find out the challenges and opportunities of mobilizing partnership between the government and civil society. Aims of the study This paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities in fostering partnership between civil society and the government in the planning system of Hong Kong. This paper is based on the central argument that civil society organizations (CSOs) should play significant authority in the planning system to explore the challenges and opportunities.It is argued that CSOs are important for promoting more effective idea in the policy planning in terms of reflecting the needs of the locals as well as the moral values neglected by both market and the government. It is believed that the challenges and opportunities are not that straightforward to be understood as they should involve a lot of other factors. These factors are to be examined in order to provide a clearer picture for the analysis. Structure of the paper This study is composed of half a dozen sections- Session I begins with an introduction.It states the purpose of this paper and the content structure. member II is the theoretical framework realized for understanding the theoretical meaning of civil society and the vastness of partnership between the government and the CSOs. Section III is the background about development of citizenship in Hong Kong. It is found that the civil society in Hong Kong is comme il faut mature. Section IV discusses on the six major factors contributing to the challenges in the relationship between the government and the civil society.Section V seeks to study real-life cases to further strengthen the argument that CSOs should play significant role in the planning system. Section VI, the final section of this paper. It summarizes all the key issues discussed in this paper and highlights the importance of the role of CSOs in planning system. Defining Civil Society The renderings and meaning of civil society in different mainstream theories are explored and outlined in Appendix 1. The interpretation of civil society by Aristotle is now widel y recognized as liberty, not under direct state control.It emphasized on the system of government based on voluntary willingness of people and universal election in order to vouch reign of citizens (for Locke) and the freedom of civil society (for Rousseau). The existing political system in Hong Kong is different as the HKSAR government is not directly elected by the citizens. Hong Kong people can only elect some of the legislative councilors, who act as delegates to deal with legislative issues and district councilors, who are serving as advisors of the government.The sovereignty is just partly in the hand of Hong Kong people. In fact, the situation of Hong Kong is closer to the idea of Hegel that civil society and family together form the state. Civil society is actually functioning as a partly autonomy body under the government of Hong Kong. However, civil society should perform a more active role in the system in order to correspondence the power of the state and the market for the benefit of the public. So Friedmanns definition of civil society will be applied to support the empowerment of civil society.Civil society, as an association of individual interests, should grow up to balance the power of the state. His definition also separates the concept of market from civil society, which is applicable in the situation of Hong Kong. Friedmann(1998) states that civil society must be seen as standing in opposition to the corporate prudence. The relationship of civil society and the market should not be neglected when we understand the relationship of the government and the civil society. 2 To sum up, the combination of Friedmanns and Hegels definition of civil society is applied in this paper.Civil society is defined as a scene of action without direct state control, but is not totally separated from the state. The participation in civil society is based on voluntary willingness and it is actually an association of various individual interests. It is dif ferent from the concepts of corporate economy and family, but they are related to some extent. Civil society may not necessarily fight to the corporate economy, but they may interplay to produce good results. Civil society should be empowered to balance the power of the government and market.

International Entertainers Essay Example for Free

supranational Entertainers EssayThe salaries of many singers, dancers and sports people have increased out of all proportion in new years, while in places like Sudan people be starving to death. I do not beleive that anyone should be able to earn such enormous salaries whan so many people in the world are living in poverty. One af the factors which should affect what a person can earn ought to be the upbeat of persons work to society. It is unreasonable for a famous singer to be able to earn far much from an evenings entertainment than, for instance, a medical scientist who develops a new drug which produces a treatment for a third estate disease. The pop star certainly has a value in society, but the value in no way exceeds, or even matches, the value gained from a successful medication. Secondly. work done should be paying(a) according to the amount of effort and skill that goes into it. Nobody would deny that a famous person kit and boodle hard and is skillful, yet suc h people do not work any harder than thousand of different workers who have no claim to fame. Yet market force are such that these superstarts can predominate millions of dolor while other unknown people sometimes earn less than they need to survive.Finally, it should be possible for governments to work together to ensure that the amount of funds in circulation should be much to a greater extent equally and fairly distributed. This seems only fair given that there are so many suffering. To conclude, it is build that world poverty is a serious problem and yet the problem could be eased if governments and compenies gave more thought to paying salaries on a more equitable basis and if they started to contribute more money to those in need.

Fahrenheit 451 Analysis Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451 Analysis EssayThe theme of Ray Bradburys classic Fahrenheit 451 can be viewed from several different angles. First and foremost, the book gives an anti-censorship message. Bradbury understood censorship to be a natural rock asidecrop of an overly tolerant society. Yet, the protagonist Guy Montag is oneness of the few that is courageous enough to find out the truth for himself. This unexpected discovery on the corruption of society ch on the wholeenged traditional values, companionship and beliefs. The personal liberty to the right of an individual having the freedom of expression when he utilizes the issue of censorship in Fahrenheit 451. In Bradburys novel, society has evolved to such an extreme that all literature is illegal to possess. Be front of the trouble books may cause, they were banned altogether. For example, one group might gestate they had a really great idea and wrote it in a book, however, the new(prenominal) group might object to something that has been written, that means the book will have to be modified and consequently censorship begins. Soon, another group objects to something else in the book, and it is again edited, eventually the original product will be lost.Because of this presented danger, no longer can books be read, not only because they might offend someone, but because books heaving questions for the sight that the government cannot answer. The intellectual thinking that comes from knowledge can often be dangerous, yet, who would want to do that when they can take the easy route? Ignorance is bliss applies perfectly here. The government would rather rule the people orderly than have them start a revolution with knowledge. This philosophy, according to the book, completely ignores the benefits of knowledge. True, knowledge can cause disharmony because it causes people to ask why, but in many ways, knowledge of the past, which is recorded in books, can prevent mankind from making same mista kes in the present and future.The society envisioned in Fahrenheit 451 is corrupted. As Captain Beatty explains, government control of peoples lives there was not a conspiracy of dictators, but a consensus of everyday people instead. The citizens ar so weak-minded that they foolt want to think for themselves and solve the troubling problems of the world. They dont have much emotion, because they prefer pleasure over hurt. The only way they can do this is to not c be. The parlor women, for example, cannot see past the surface. They are more interested in looks than reality they are so shallow that they cannot see ones true qualities. It is far easier to live a livelihood of seclusion and a life where engineering will render you with all necessities. Yet more importantly, Fahrenheit 451 described the people in that society as anti-social.Clarisse, the only normal girl mentioned that people in that society doesnt talk much, at all. They are either shouting or dancing near like wil d (30), but the key point is, people dont talk astir(predicate) anything (31), they name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming pools mostly and say how dandy (31) They do not quite live in the reality, only using abstract things to entertain themselves. They all say the same things and nobody says anything different (31) because in their eyes, technology and the government is always correct. This is very similar to our world today, almost everyone some kind of technology television, computer, hand held devices. When we have a choice surrounded by technology or nature. It is almost certain that technology wins. We are on the computer three to quadruplet hours a day, doing work, checking email, social media, or just simply surfing the web. Our everyday life is technology we consider on it so much that it is almost impossible to live without it.People in the novel are afraid of themselves, of what their minds are capable of doing. They fear the thought of knowing, which leads them to depend on others, such as technology and the government to think for them. The best example would be the protagonist Guy Montag. His entire view on life shifted as the book progressed. He was originally a normal fireman, but when he met his neighbour Clarisse McClennen, who was considered a misfit in the society, he began to see things differently. Instead of burning books because its useless information to the public, he now wants to share its knowledge with the whole world. Montag is at war with the society, hes battling against the common knowledge and laws, trying to shine some light on the people.Thus, the book successfully advocates the idea that men should think for themselves, not let technology or any outside sources decide for them. Technology may provide you with joy, but to live life to the fullest, you have to try everything, and there are no substitute for the take account you can find in books. Its like Montag said, I went around doing one thing and tactile prop erty another. (131) as he reflects on all the trouble that he has gotten into because he has not been true to himself. Although this cartroad might not be easy, it is necessary for any society that doesnt wish to repeat the mistakes of the past to spend a penny knowledge. Our society today needs to realize that before it is too late.

Locus of Control Essay Example for Free

Locus of Control Essayafter finish and evaluating my responses to the Locus of Control Assessment, my result was that I have an national locus of hold. An national locus of constraint is when a mortal believes that they are generally in interpret of the resolutions that continue their life. In my opinion, the assessment is right, I believe I control most of the events that happen in my life. Now, on the other end an external locus of control is when a person believes that they generally do not have control of the events that affect their life (Myers, 2012, p. 1).The two reliable sources I found that provided information on Locus of Control were www. ncrel. org and www. psych. uncc. edu. After conducting some research I have determined that there are positive and negative bring outcomes for both inseparable and external locus of control. The important thing is to keep a balance between them. most positive upcountry locus of control built in beds are when you study hard and get an A in your test or when you enter a contest and win. In these situations you controlled the event in your life.The negative conniption of an internal locus of control is that in some cases you cant control the events that affect your life. For framework being diagnosed with colon cancer or having surgery to remove your intestine. In these situations are person with an internal locus of control may feel hopeless and blame them selves for not preventing it. When it comes to an external locus of control the positive aspect of it is that when situations arise that person entrust most likely attribute it to something else.For example, they would say it was deal if they won the lottery or the teacher was in a nifty mood if they got a C in their math class. In negative cases they will blame others for the outcome because they believe they dont have any control over the events that happened in their life. An example would be if they dont do their homework because their mom forgot to buy paper or if they have an accident and rear end the person in front of them and blame the other driver for stopping abruptly. In my opinion, it is better to have an internal locus of control.The reason why I believe this is because in most cases we have control over certain events that happen in our life. Having an external locus of control would give the person no spirit of responsibility for their actions since they feel they do not have control over it. A person with an internal locus of control is more responsible, successful, easily motivated and always looking for improvement within them. A person with an external locus of control is less responsible, blames everyone else for their failures, is less motivated and success is something they feel will happen if others achieve it for them.Depending on the situation or the life event these two have to be balanced. If youre a person with an internal locus of control like me and we experience a situation that is out of our hands we have to accept that and understand that not everything in life can be controlled. Some things are going to happen no matter what we do. In cases like this is when its good to have an external locus of control because for some people not being in control all the time and experiencing a situation that is out of their hands can be damaging for their self-esteem.When an event arises we should be able to logically look at the situation and read if there was anything we could have do different to solve the problem or avoided it and evaluate the decisions we made that concluded with the end result. Once you analyze the situation you can determine if changing the steps you took would have changed the end result. If it wouldnt have changed the out come then it was out of your hands and you should see it as an external locus instead of an internal locus.

Law for Standard Form Contracts in Businesses

Law for proto cause Form Contracts in Businesses1a. Explain the diffe train types of business capital of New Hampshire and the importance of the call divisions required for the haltup of a logical foreshortenA nonplus is define as an concordance which leg whollyy binds the parties (BPP oerlord Education, 2004). tho in that location ar m whatsoever types of deoxidize amidst tantaliseinal businesses such as biased, bilateral, oddity, unproblematic and meter cultivate wear back (Doti Chee, 2009). first off biased turn taboo is a judicial concordance in which unless matchless of the two parties institutes juristicly enforceable insures. In this distill surrounded by two companies at a current metre more everyplace integrity society entrust do their duties only when a particular accompaniment tell apart out the unionizeer(a)(a) fellowship impart do their duty (BPP sea captain Education, 2004). what is more the swayer of unilateral di gest is that it holds that passings ignore be revoked at every time antecedent to completion of the requested work. The auspicate is enforceable only upon completion of the requested performance (Doti Chee, 2009).One of the almost famous in up to nowt studies in unilateral look at is Carlill v. Carbolic boob Ball Co. 1892 (Referred to appendix A) (Lawnix, accessed 2009). In this consequence on that point is a unilateral beseech which was severalized by polecat Ball Co. The resolve is if any(prenominal) person who employ Ds the skinny lump three times per day as enjoin and thined influenza, colds, or any contrary disease they get out sire 100 pounds by Smoke Ball Co. even for Carlill, she purchased a clump and used it as directed and Carlill sticked influenza, it shows that she accepted the wisecrack by performing the conditions. So the centralise mingled with two parties was well-grounded. Furthermore it is a unilateral begin so that the form of unilateral is employ in which when Carllil leted influenza which authority she performed the conditions of the pack together and met all requirements o the lead. So after that it Smoke Ball Co.s turn to perform their exertions which is take hold Carllil 100 pounds. As for the rule the prefigure is enforceable only upon completion of requested performance. The performance of Carllil is the requested performance so at that time the troupe is move by the contract and they had to pay Carllil the bills. The fortune if Carllil vs Smoke ball Co. arouse excessivelybe considered as executed favor. It is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP superior Education, 2004).The imprimatur type is bilateral contract, it is the contract in which both parties soak up amenable at the self akin(prenominal) time and both of them take promises (BPP lord Education, 2004). It arises where let say teleph iodinr A promises to address a reck matchlessr to connection B in return B promises to pay the get damage. It centre that both parties will take their activenesss at the same time and as the rule of bilateral contract both of them be delimited by it. It mode that keep company A will pee to speak the slump product which is computer to company B at the effrontery time and in return company B has to pay the purchase price for company A. This contract is usually seen in trading and commercial act. It would be br all(prenominal)(prenominal) of contract if either withdrew without the con move of the opposite. It withal considered as executory reflexion which is a promise given for a promise non a performed act (BPP professional person Education, 2004).On the a nonher(prenominal) hand, specialty contract is extend contract do under seal. They argon non just today take in verbally tho delivered over by the party bound. The specialty contract is usually in purchase bonds, deeds, etc. The solemnity and deliberation with which a deed or a bond is presumed to be bring ined to, antiaircraft gun to it an key and character which do non belong to a plain contract. In the example of specialty, its rule is no precondition is necessary to give it effectuality, even in the court of equity (BPP lord Education, 2004).The by type of business contract is simple contract. Simple contract is any adhere contract former(a) than a contract under seal. It gouge be both express and implied or partly written or partly oral. It consists of a promise to do or refrain from doing almostthing, in exchange for doing roundthing given or promise in return. The parties moldinessiness intent the apprehension to be summit on each different. Furthermore the rule of simple contract requires that thither be some(a) good cause, experimental condition or motive, before they can be enforce in the courts (BPP passe-partout Education, 2004).The last type is streamer form contract. It is a pre-prep bed contract where all t he foothold progress to already score. In standard form contract each of the party will slang different duties such as a recipient, they chip in small-scale or no prior negotiation. On the other hand the provider of the contract has their own standard end point and conditions. The standard form contract can usually be found in a contract amidst employees and the company (BPP victor Education, 2004). On the other hand in contrast to specialty contract, the rule of simple contract express that as a general rule, the plebeian justice treats standard form contracts any other contract. It es directialiness(prenominal) contain the essential shares of a contract (Doti Chee, 2009). hitherto in every contract at that place be seven keys elements which a contract moldinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal) contain in order to be valid and enforceable by the virtue which ar obligation, reflexion, intention to create levelheaded relations, legal capacity to contract, for m of a contract, harmonize and legality of bearing (BPP overlord Education, 2004). first of all the agreement which is determined by the rules of post and bankers word sense. It essential contain the widen which is a defined promise to be bound on special term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the price of the project (BPP Professional Education, 2004). As shown in the figure be small-scale is the formation of a simple contract.However in demand there ar three elements which atomic number 18 certainty of protract, invitation to treat and termination of put forward. The certainty of cristal is a definite cranny whitethornbe to a class of persons or to the world at large. While on the other hand, the key way that an post is terminated is by being accepted or creating agreement. So that an offer is terminated and it may no seven-day be accepted in some causal agent such as rejection, lapse of time, annulment by the offeror, failure of a conditio n to which the offer was capacity and death of adept of the parties (BPP Professional Education, 2004). last the invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the capture to forming a covering contract. It is non an offer in itself. in that respect are our types of invitation to treat which are auction change deals, adverts, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for renders (BPP Professional Education, 2004).The second element in agreement is acceptance, it can be by express words or by action and it may besides be inferred from conduct too. in that location are three important elements of acceptance which are term of acceptance, answer offer and parley of acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Firstly the counter offer is the acceptance which purports to introduce a newfangled term. If a counter offer is do, the schoolmaster offeror may accept it precisely if he rejects it his original offer is no longer on hand(predicate) for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand the acceptance must be communicated. The general rule is that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and is non hard-hitting until this has been require. Furthermore The acceptance must be communicated by the offeree or someone authorized by the offeree. If someone accepts on behalf of the offeree, without authorization, this will not be a valid acceptance (Doti Chee, 2009). The offeror may waive the fatality for communication of acceptance by marking an offer to the entire world. tho he may indicate that he expects acceptance by dint of the post. There are also three exceptions to the communication rule which are price of offer, conduct of the offeror and postal rule (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Furthermore as the term of the order, it can state or imply that acceptance lack not to be communicated to the offeror.One of the national examples for agreement is the human fac e amongst Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co vs Montefiore 1866 (referred to appurtenance A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this reference the suspect applied to the company for shares and paid a deposit to the companys bank, it means that the suspect give an offer to the company. However after that the company sent him an acceptance by is challenge of a letter of allotment it means that it is the acceptance for his offer. However the acceptance was sent only when the offer was lapsed so that it is not accepted.The second element is the love. The agreement or the dutys assumed by each party must be supported consideration from the other party. The principle is that the parties to a contract must each provide something, whether money, the provision of a service or some other form of portion to the contract. However it has also been described as the price of the other persons promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for the consideration to be valid, it must contain th ree elements the executed, executory and cannot be away consideration. Firstly the executed consideration is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example A offers a reward for the return of lost property, his promise becomes attach when B performs the act of returning As property to him. While in contrast, the executory consideration is a promise given for a promise, not a performed act (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example if a customer orders goods which a shopkeeper undertakes to obtain from the manufacturer, the shopkeeper promises to fork out the goods and the customer promises to accept and pay for them. Thirdly the consideration cannot be outgoing. Anything which has already been done before a promise in return is given is historical consideration which, as a general rule, is not ample to make the promise cover song and the rule is that past consideration is no consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2 004). One of the field of studys about past consideration is Re McArdle (referred to extension A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this lineament one of the mothers son and his married woman lived together in the house, the wife do improvement to the house and the children agree to honour the sum of 488 in consideration o your carrying out certain alterations and improvements to the property. At the mothers death they refused to do so. In this situation the time of the promise between the children and the wife the improvements were considered as past consideration. fit in to the rule of past consideration, past consideration is no consideration so they were not bounded by it.The uprightness says that consideration bring not to be adequate but it must be sufficient. This means that the consideration need not be of equal set to the parties to the contract but it must be of some value to the parties involved. This does not have to be financial or fiscal value, although plainly in umpteen contracts it a good deal is (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The term sufficiency of consideration means that the consideration must be something more than the party involved was already intended to do. It must be deemed real to be consideration. While adequacy is the mogul to reasonably or licitly satisfy the requirement (Business Dictionary, accessed 2009).The eccentric Chappell Co vs Nestle Co Ltd (referred to extension A) is a famous case study for adequacy (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The case arose when Nestle do a special offer, whereby if people collected three wrappers from Nestle exclude of chocolate and sent them with small money they could get a copy of a record Rockin billet The copyright to the records was owned by Chapple, who claimed that there had been happy chancees of their copyright. The case turned round whether the three wrappers were part of the consideration. However in this case the defendants had required that wrappe rs were sent in as part of the special offer, for obvious commercial reasons. It was help that the wrappers were part of the consideration as they had commercial value in the eyes of Nestle, one of the parties to the contract. There is also a case of collins vs Godefroy (1831) (referred to Apeendix A) for the sufficient of consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case there was no consideration for the promise, as the claimant was cause to appear by right. Because of the performance o an be obligation impose by statue is no consideration for a promise of reward.The last part of consideration is the privity of contract. If you do not provide consideration, you cannot sue on the contract. This is a critical rule in contract law and reflects the fact that consideration is essential. This maxim means that only the person who has paid the price of the contract can sue on it. Privity of contract is defined as the relation between the two parties to a contract and ter zetto parties who are no sewer to the contract generally have no right of action (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There is a case of Tweddle vs Atkinson 1862 (referred to Appendix A) for the privity of contract.The next element is intention to create legal relation. An agreement is not a binding contract unless the parties intend to create legal relations and have the capacity or ability to do so. It can also be defined as the willingness to be bound by the call of the contract. Furthermore anyone take parting the contract has to have the capacity to do so otherwise it can be argued that they are not acting in full redeing of what they are doing. Where there is no express account as to whether or not legal relations are intended the courts apply one of two presumptions social, domestic and family arrangements are not usually intended by the parties involved to be binding, commercial agreements are usually intended to be legally binding (BPP Professional Education, 2004). One of the case examples for intention to create legal relation is the case Balfour vs Balfour 1919 (referred to Appendix A). The case is that a husband promised to pay his wife 30 a month to return to Ceylon with him but later the join ended in divorce and the wife sued the husband for the monthly allowance which he no longer paid. In this case, because of the informal agreement of indeterminate duration made between husband and wife was not intended to be legally binding so that the wife cannot sue the husband for the money.There is also very important element for the contract which is the legal capacity to contract. Capacity refers to the fact that the law regards some groups as being unable to enter into binding contractual arrangements, because they might not be in a position to fully understand the agreement they have entered into. The groups imply kid, mental disorders and drunkenness (BPP Professional Education, 2004). From January 1, 1970, the Family Law Reform Act 1969 c ut back the age of volume to 18 and authorized the term barbarian as an alternative to infant. Minor is now the preferred term. The capacity of a minor to contract is becalm regulated by the common law, modified by the Minors Contracts Act 1987 which repealed a troublesome enactment, the Infants remainder Act 1874 (Doti Chee, 2009). There is a case of Nash vs Inman 1908 (referred to Appendix A). In this case a Saville Row swerve sued an infant Cambridge disciple for the price of vestments (including 11 fancy waistcoats) he had supplied. The tailor failed in his action because the student was already adequately supplied with habilitate because the clothes were not necessaries so that the minor was not binding by the contract.The next key element of the contract is the form of contract. The contract can be made in composing or oral or implied by conduct. The general rule is that a contract may be in any form (written or oral) but a minority of contracts have to be made in a particular form. Firstly implied terms are those terms which, although not expressly stated by the parties by words or conduct, are by law deemed to be part of the contract. yet the terms can be implied into contracts by custom, by courts or by statute (Doti Chee, 2009). On the other hand, writing make it easier to prove the contents o the contract but it is not usually necessary unless related to one of the reviewing contracts by deed, in writing, evidenced in writing or contracts made by means of the mesh and by e-mail. Those are the formalities of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Contracts which must be by deed admit leases for three years or more, a conveyance or transfer o a legal estate in land and a promise not supported by consideration. On the other hand the contracts which must be in writing include a transfer of shares in a limited company, the sale or disposition of an interest in land, bills of exchange and cheques, consumer credit contracts. Furt hermore some contracts may be made orally but are not enforceable in a court unless there is written evidence of their terms. The most important contract of this type is the contract of guarantee. A signed note of the material terms of the contract is sufficient (BPP Professional Education, 2004).There is a case of Clyde Mason vs. Charley Tatum (referred to Appendix A) in the form of contract. In this case Clyde Mason as a minor went into a contract of buying land with Charley Tatum and the contract is made in writing after some days before the delivery the price of the land was manifold and the adult refused to do his performance o the contract. The minor sued for that. This case study is an example of the form of contracts which must be by deed. So in decision because the contract is binding for the adult so Tatum had to do his duties as in the contract with the minor.The take on is also one of the key elements of the contract. The validity of a contract may be affected if a per son has been misled into a contract or if the parties have come to agreement but are genuinely at cross-purposes, for example one of them is fictitious as to the distinct nature of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In consent there are four violating factors which are drop aways, misrepresentations, bonds and unfounded catch. An intentional act done out of wrongdoing may occasionally be defensible if it was reasonable. On the other hand a misrepresentation is a false statement of fact made by one party to another, which, whilst not being a term of the contract, induces the other party to enter the contract. The effect of an actionable misrepresentation is to make the contract voidable giving the innocent party the right to rescind the contract and/or claim damages (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). Duress is a possible legal defence force, one of four of the most important confession defenses, by which defendants argue that they should not be held liable because the actions that broke the law were only performed out of an warm fear of injury. In order for duress to qualify as a defense, four requirements must be met threat must be of serious bodily impairment or death, harm threatened must be greater than the harm caused by the crime, threat must be immediate and inescapable and the defendant must have become involved in the situation through no fault of his or her own (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). While undue influence is a judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon lightsome and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. In order to establish the undue influence four elements must be shown. A judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon weak and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. Second, there must be an opportunity for exercising undue influence. Third, there must be evidence that the defendant was habituated to exercise undue influence over the victim. Fourth, the record must reveal an unnatural or suspect transaction (Legal explanations, accessed 2009).As example of the consent the case of ICI v Shatwell 1965 (referred to Appendix A) is the most common one. Because of the electric car cable was too short so that two experienced shot firers decided to go against the law they carried out the test without taking cover before doing so and there was a premature gush and both were injured. They sued the employer. In this case they had consented to the risk. The employer was not liable since it had not been negligent nor had it committed or permitted a breach of statutory duty over gumshoe procedures. The injured men were trained for their work and the right way left to carry out safety procedures of which they were well aware. So they cannot sue the employer for that.The last key element of contract is the legality of object. Legality is an agreement to be an enforceable contract must contemplate the pr oficiency of an object not expressly veto by law nor contrary to public policy. For example An agreement for the sale of realty to be used expressly for the sale of alcoholic beverages is unenforceable as its object is contrary to law. So also an agreement by which A, a confirmed woman hater, promises B a house for Bs promise never to marry, is against public policy, as discouraging marriage, and therefore unenforceable (Chest of book, accessed 2009). The courts will not enforce a contract which is deemed to be illegal or contrary to public policy.1b. analyze the scenario from the perspective of the law of contract. Apply the rules of offer and acceptance in a given scenario, also considering any impact of new technologyFirstly as for review of the online transaction, we will go to look at the formation of contract. Contract is agreement between two or more parties which is enforceable at law (Doti Chee, 2009). However in order to be valid and enforceable by the law, the requireme nts for formation of contract are agreement and consideration. There is sometimes utter to be a third element, namely, intention to create legal relations. But this third element is rarely a problem and it is true to say that, if it is a ruin element, it goes without saying in the vast majority of cases (ANU College of law, accessed 2009). A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or business given, suffered or undertaken by the other (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand agreement is the meeting of minds between two more legally competent parties, about their telling duties rights regarding current or upcoming performance (Business Dictionary, accessed 2009). Furthermore to determine whether or not an agreement has been reached, the courts will consider whether or not party has made a firm offer which the other party has accepted. Of fer and acceptance are the key elements of agreement. The agreements must contain the offer which is a defined promise to be bound on specific term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for this case of online transaction, the principles administration the formation of written and oral contract can also be apply to contracts concluded through the internet. The contracts which are made through the internet also need an offer and acceptance to be valid.Moreover tally to the electronic transaction act 1999 and confirmed by s.11 of the Electronic Transaction Act. Cap 88, the website containing the dilate and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat (ComLaw, accessed 2009). Invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the view to forming a binding contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There are four types of invitation to treat which are auction sales, advertisements, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for tenders. As mentioned above the website containing the details and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat so that it must follow the rule of invitation to treat. Its rule is that invitation to treat is not offer. It is an invitation to do business with another party and it is not an offer but an invitation to others to make offers.One of the common case examples for invitation to treat is the case of Patridge vs Crittenden 1968 (referred to Appendix B). Mr Patridge placed an advertisement in Cage and Aviary Birds time containing the words Bramblefinch cocks, bramblefinch hens, 25s each. The RSOCA brought a prosecution for offer for a sale of protected species in contravention of the certificate of Birds Act 1953. The justices convicted Patridge and he was sued. The advertisement of Mr Patridge was considered as an invitation to treat so according to the rule of invitation to treat it is not an offer. Th e prosecution could not rely on the offence of the offering for sale, as the advertisement constituted an invitation to treat. He was therefore not making an offer.In this case there are two contracts were formed between Tuans company and Sally, a university student with tech Ltd. tech Ltd is capital of Singapore listed company selling computers and other IT products in Ha Noi and they had recently established its own website to offer for sale various products over the internet.Firstly for the existing contract between Tuans company and technical school Ltd it is a valid contract. The rules of offer are that it must be communicated, may be made to world, may be revoked at any time and distinguished from binding options and from invitation to treat. On the other hand the rules of acceptance are it must relate to offer, mental acceptance is short but may be inferred, must be unqualified, system must conform with other, if offer wordless as to method that chosen to be appropriate, if it is mailed effective from time of posting and communicate may be dispensed with (Doti Chee, 2009). According to the rules of offer and acceptance in the contract between Tuans company and tech Ltd there was an offer and acceptance. The online transaction as mentioned above is considered as invitation to treat. However the system in technical school Ltd works in the following manner every time an order was placed by a buyer after filling up the requisite form, which include the furnishing of a valid credit card account, it would be followed by an automated reply from technical school Ltd that the transaction was successful. It means that by filling the form with valid information Tuan had already made an offer to tech Ltd and then automatically they will impel a reply to confirm that the transaction was successful and it is considered as an acceptance from Tech Ltd to Tuans offer. There is also legal intention between two parties so that the contract between Tuan and Tech Lt d is a valid contract.In this case if Tech Ltd did not deliver the 4,000 sets of computers it means that they breach the contract. Because the contract is a valid contract so that both parties are binding by the contract, they must do their duties as in the contract stated. If Tech Ltd breached the contract Mr. Tuan can sue them for that if they did not have any reasonable reasons. However in this case Tech Ltd can confirmation that Tuan profaned the contract by capitalizing on Techs mistake. Because of an fracture committed by an employee of Tech Ltd, the price of the newspaperwoman was altered to $388 on the website, which normally retailed at $3,800. Tech Ltd can proof that Tuan base on that mistake to make contract with Tech Ltd. Because Tuan is the owner of a shop that sold IT peripherals, including a few sets of the verbalize laser correspondent. So that he came to know about the real price of the printer and the extraordinarily low price offered by Tech Ltd. Furthermor e according to the rule of unilateral mistake which is where one party is mistaken as to the terms of the contract and the other knows this, the contract will be void regardless of whether the terms is fundamental (Doti Chee, 2009), the contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company is a void contract because Tuan knew about the mistake of Tech Ltd.There is a correspondent case of unilateral mistake which is the case of Hartlog v Colin and Shields 1939 (referred to Appendix B). In this case by mistake the defendants offered at the same price per pound instead of per piece, which obviously worked out much cheaper. After that they recognize their mistake, the sellers refused to deliver the skins and were sued by the buyers for breach of contract. However in this case because the buyers were aware of the sellers mistake so that there was no contract as same in the case of Tech Ltd and Tuans company. In conclusion because there is a unilateral mistake of Tech Ltd and Tuan knew about his so that in application o unilateral mistake rule the contract is void contract and Tuan cannot sue Tech Ltd for breach of contract.However in this case if Tuans company agreed to sell those ordered printer to the third party, they cannot maintain their rights against Tech even though they may be a bona fide purchaser. Because there is no contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company so the goods are not belonging to Tuans company and they cannot sell it. Tech Ltd had the rights to take back their goods and the third party did not have the rights against Tech Ltd.The second contract in this case is the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally, a university student, because the transaction was taking in the same manner with the case of Tuans company which is through the website o Tech Ltd. Sally placed one set of the laser printer through the same system which means she offered to buy a printer through Tech Ltds website and then they automatically sent a reply to confirm the transaction was successful. It means that they were pass judgment the offer from Sally to sell one set of printer with the given price on the website. The contract had both offer and acceptance so that there was a valid contract between Tech Ltd and Sally.However because of the mistake committed by an employee of Tech Ltd the price of the printer was altered to $388 which is extraordinarily low price. Sally saw Tech Ltds website and estimate that the price of $388 was very reasonable and she is a university student so she cannot know the real price of the printer and she did not know that there was a mistake from the employee. According to the rule of common mistake which is if one party makes a mistake and the other party is incognizant of the mistake, the contract is binding, so that the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally is a valid contract. In this case Sally as a student so she cannot know the real price and the mistake of Tech Ltd. Furthermore because of that reason Tech Ltd cannot proof t hat Sally actually knew the contract is under a mistake.Moreover there also a correspondent case of common mistake which is Centrovincial Estates plc vs Merchant Investors Assurance Co Ltd (1983) (referred to Appendix B). In this case a landlord offered, by mistake, to renew his tenants lease at a rent of 65,000 a year he had meant to offer it at 126,000. The tenant, unaware of the mistake, accepted the offer. It means that the tenant did not know about the mistake so that the contract was binding to both parties. In conclusion the contract was binding with Tech Ltd and if they did not deliver the printer to Sally, she can sue them for that.Lastly for Tech Ltd to hold back similar situation in the future they should build a structure or system based on the counter offer. As has been said acceptance must be unqualified agreement to the terms of offer. Acceptance which purports to introduce any new terms is a counter offer. If counter offer is made, the original offeror may accept i t but he rejects it his original offer is no longer available for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example it is the case of Butler Machin Tool Co vs Ex-cell-O Corp 1979 (referred to Appendix B). In this case the claimant offered to sell tools to the defendant. However the defendant accepted the offer enclosing their own standard terms which differed from those of the claimant. The claimant acknoLaw for Standard Form Contracts in BusinessesLaw for Standard Form Contracts in Businesses1a. Explain the different types of business agreement and the importance of the key elements required for the formation of a valid contractA contract is defined as an agreement which legally binds the parties (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However there are many types of contract between two businesses such as unilateral, bilateral, specialty, simple and standard form contract (Doti Chee, 2009). Firstly unilateral contract is a legal agreement in which only one of the two parties makes legally enforceable promises. In this contract between two companies at a certain time only one party will do their duties only when a particular situation come out the other party will do their duty (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Furthermore the rule of unilateral contract is that it holds that offers can be revoked at any time prior to completion of the requested performance. The promise is enforceable only upon completion of the requested performance (Doti Chee, 2009).One of the most famous case studies in unilateral contract is Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. 1892 (Referred to Appendix A) (Lawnix, accessed 2009). In this case there is a unilateral contract which was stated by Smoke Ball Co. The contract is if any person who used Ds smoke ball three times per day as directed and contracted influenza, colds, or any other disease they will receive 100 pounds by Smoke Ball Co. However for Carlill, she purchased a ball and used it as directed and Carlill contracted infl uenza, it shows that she accepted the offer by performing the conditions. So the contract between both parties was valid. Furthermore it is a unilateral contract so that the rule of unilateral is applied in which when Carllil contracted influenza which means she performed the conditions of the contract and met all requirements o the contract. So after that it Smoke Ball Co.s turn to perform their actions which is give Carllil 100 pounds. As for the rule the promise is enforceable only upon completion of requested performance. The performance of Carllil is the requested performance so at that time the company is bounded by the contract and they had to pay Carllil the money. The case if Carllil vs Smoke ball Co. can alsobe considered as executed consideration. It is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004).The second type is bilateral contract, it is the contract in which both parties take responsible at the same time and both of them take promises (BPP Professional Education, 2004). It arises where let say company A promises to sell a computer to company B in return B promises to pay the purchasing price. It means that both parties will take their actions at the same time and as the rule of bilateral contract both of them are bounded by it. It means that company A will have to deliver the right product which is computer to company B at the given time and in return company B has to pay the purchase price for company A. This contract is usually seen in trading and commercial transaction. It would be breach of contract if either withdrew without the consent of the other. It also considered as executory consideration which is a promise given for a promise not a performed act (BPP Professional Education, 2004).On the other hand, specialty contract is express contract made under seal. They are not merely written but delivered over by the party bound. The specialty contract is usually in buying bonds, deeds, etc. The solem nity and deliberation with which a deed or a bond is presumed to be entered to, attack to it an important and character which do not belong to a simple contract. In the case of specialty, its rule is no consideration is necessary to give it validity, even in the court of equity (BPP Professional Education, 2004).The forth type of business contract is simple contract. Simple contract is any binding contract other than a contract under seal. It can be both express and implied or partly written or partly oral. It consists of a promise to do or refrain from doing something, in exchange for doing something given or promise in return. The parties must intent the agreement to be binding on each other. Furthermore the rule of simple contract requires that there be some good cause, consideration or motive, before they can be enforced in the courts (BPP Professional Education, 2004).The last type is standard form contract. It is a pre-prepared contract where all the terms have already set. In standard form contract each of the party will have different duties such as a recipient, they have little or no prior negotiation. On the other hand the provider of the contract has their own standard terms and conditions. The standard form contract can usually be found in a contract between employees and the company (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand in contrast to specialty contract, the rule of simple contract stated that as a general rule, the common law treats standard form contracts any other contract. It must contain the essential elements of a contract (Doti Chee, 2009).However in every contract there are seven keys elements which a contract must contain in order to be valid and enforceable by the law which are agreement, consideration, intention to create legal relations, legal capacity to contract, form of a contract, consent and legality of object (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Firstly the agreement which is determined by the rules of offer and ac ceptance. It must contain the offer which is a defined promise to be bound on specific term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer (BPP Professional Education, 2004). As shown in the figure to a lower place is the formation of a simple contract.However in offer there are three elements which are certainty of offer, invitation to treat and termination of offer. The certainty of offer is a definite offer maybe to a class of persons or to the world at large. While on the other hand, the key way that an offer is terminated is by being accepted or creating agreement. So that an offer is terminated and it may no longer be accepted in some case such as rejection, lapse of time, revocation by the offeror, failure of a condition to which the offer was subject and death of one of the parties (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Lastly the invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the view to forming a binding contract . It is not an offer in itself. There are our types of invitation to treat which are auction sales, advertisements, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for renders (BPP Professional Education, 2004).The second element in agreement is acceptance, it can be by express words or by action and it may also be inferred from conduct too. There are three important elements of acceptance which are term of acceptance, counter offer and communication of acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Firstly the counter offer is the acceptance which purports to introduce a new term. If a counter offer is made, the original offeror may accept it but if he rejects it his original offer is no longer available for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand the acceptance must be communicated. The general rule is that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and is not effective until this has been done. Furthermore The acceptance must be communicated by the off eree or someone authorized by the offeree. If someone accepts on behalf of the offeree, without authorization, this will not be a valid acceptance (Doti Chee, 2009). The offeror may waive the need for communication of acceptance by marking an offer to the entire world. Moreover he may indicate that he expects acceptance through the post. There are also three exceptions to the communication rule which are terms of offer, conduct of the offeror and postal rule (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Furthermore as the term of the order, it can state or imply that acceptance need not to be communicated to the offeror.One of the case examples for agreement is the case between Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co vs Montefiore 1866 (referred to Appendix A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case the defendant applied to the company for shares and paid a deposit to the companys bank, it means that the defendant give an offer to the company. However after that the company sent him an acceptance by cater of a letter of allotment it means that it is the acceptance for his offer. However the acceptance was sent only when the offer was lapsed so that it is not accepted.The second element is the consideration. The agreement or the obligations assumed by each party must be supported consideration from the other party. The principle is that the parties to a contract must each provide something, whether money, the provision of a service or some other form of contribution to the contract. However it has also been described as the price of the other persons promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for the consideration to be valid, it must contain three elements the executed, executory and cannot be past consideration. Firstly the executed consideration is a performed or executed act in return for a promise (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example A offers a reward for the return of lost property, his promise becomes binding when B performs the act of returning A s property to him. While in contrast, the executory consideration is a promise given for a promise, not a performed act (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example if a customer orders goods which a shopkeeper undertakes to obtain from the manufacturer, the shopkeeper promises to supply the goods and the customer promises to accept and pay for them. Thirdly the consideration cannot be past. Anything which has already been done before a promise in return is given is past consideration which, as a general rule, is not sufficient to make the promise binding and the rule is that past consideration is no consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2004). One of the cases about past consideration is Re McArdle (referred to Appendix A) (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case one of the mothers son and his wife lived together in the house, the wife made improvement to the house and the children agree to repay the sum of 488 in consideration o your carrying out certain alteration s and improvements to the property. At the mothers death they refused to do so. In this situation the time of the promise between the children and the wife the improvements were considered as past consideration. According to the rule of past consideration, past consideration is no consideration so they were not bounded by it.The law says that consideration need not to be adequate but it must be sufficient. This means that the consideration need not be of equal value to the parties to the contract but it must be of some value to the parties involved. This does not have to be financial or monetary value, although obviously in many contracts it often is (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The term sufficiency of consideration means that the consideration must be something more than the party involved was already intended to do. It must be deemed actually to be consideration. While adequacy is the ability to reasonably or legally satisfy the requirement (Business Dictionary, accessed 20 09).The case Chappell Co vs Nestle Co Ltd (referred to Appendix A) is a famous case study for adequacy (BPP Professional Education, 2004). The case arose when Nestle made a special offer, whereby if people collected three wrappers from Nestle bars of chocolate and sent them with small money they could get a copy of a record Rockin Shoes The copyright to the records was owned by Chapple, who claimed that there had been breaches of their copyright. The case turned round whether the three wrappers were part of the consideration. However in this case the defendants had required that wrappers were sent in as part of the special offer, for obvious commercial reasons. It was help that the wrappers were part of the consideration as they had commercial value in the eyes of Nestle, one of the parties to the contract. There is also a case of Collins vs Godefroy (1831) (referred to Apeendix A) for the sufficient of consideration (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In this case there was no con sideration for the promise, as the claimant was obliged to appear by law. Because of the performance o an existing obligation imposed by statue is no consideration for a promise of reward.The last part of consideration is the privity of contract. If you do not provide consideration, you cannot sue on the contract. This is a critical rule in contract law and reflects the fact that consideration is essential. This maxim means that only the person who has paid the price of the contract can sue on it. Privity of contract is defined as the relation between the two parties to a contract and third parties who are no privy to the contract generally have no right of action (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There is a case of Tweddle vs Atkinson 1862 (referred to Appendix A) for the privity of contract.The next element is intention to create legal relation. An agreement is not a binding contract unless the parties intend to create legal relations and have the capacity or ability to do so. I t can also be defined as the willingness to be bound by the terms of the contract. Furthermore anyone entering the contract has to have the capacity to do so otherwise it can be argued that they are not acting in full understanding of what they are doing. Where there is no express statement as to whether or not legal relations are intended the courts apply one of two presumptions social, domestic and family arrangements are not usually intended by the parties involved to be binding, commercial agreements are usually intended to be legally binding (BPP Professional Education, 2004). One of the case examples for intention to create legal relation is the case Balfour vs Balfour 1919 (referred to Appendix A). The case is that a husband promised to pay his wife 30 a month to return to Ceylon with him but later the marriage ended in divorce and the wife sued the husband for the monthly allowance which he no longer paid. In this case, because of the informal agreement of indefinite duratio n made between husband and wife was not intended to be legally binding so that the wife cannot sue the husband for the money.There is also very important element for the contract which is the legal capacity to contract. Capacity refers to the fact that the law regards some groups as being unable to enter into binding contractual arrangements, because they might not be in a position to fully understand the agreement they have entered into. The groups include minor, mental disorders and drunkenness (BPP Professional Education, 2004). From January 1, 1970, the Family Law Reform Act 1969 reduced the age of majority to 18 and authorized the term minor as an alternative to infant. Minor is now the preferred term. The capacity of a minor to contract is still regulated by the common law, modified by the Minors Contracts Act 1987 which repealed a troublesome statute, the Infants Relief Act 1874 (Doti Chee, 2009). There is a case of Nash vs Inman 1908 (referred to Appendix A). In this case a Saville Row tailor sued an infant Cambridge student for the price of clothes (including 11 fancy waistcoats) he had supplied. The tailor failed in his action because the student was already adequately supplied with clothes because the clothes were not necessaries so that the minor was not binding by the contract.The next key element of the contract is the form of contract. The contract can be made in writing or oral or implied by conduct. The general rule is that a contract may be in any form (written or oral) but a minority of contracts have to be made in a particular form. Firstly implied terms are those terms which, although not expressly stated by the parties by words or conduct, are by law deemed to be part of the contract. Moreover the terms can be implied into contracts by custom, by courts or by statute (Doti Chee, 2009). On the other hand, writing make it easier to prove the contents o the contract but it is not usually necessary unless related to one of the following contr acts by deed, in writing, evidenced in writing or contracts made through the internet and by e-mail. Those are the formalities of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). Contracts which must be by deed include leases for three years or more, a conveyance or transfer o a legal estate in land and a promise not supported by consideration. On the other hand the contracts which must be in writing include a transfer of shares in a limited company, the sale or disposition of an interest in land, bills of exchange and cheques, consumer credit contracts. Furthermore some contracts may be made orally but are not enforceable in a court unless there is written evidence of their terms. The most important contract of this type is the contract of guarantee. A signed note of the material terms of the contract is sufficient (BPP Professional Education, 2004).There is a case of Clyde Mason vs. Charley Tatum (referred to Appendix A) in the form of contract. In this case Clyde Mason as a minor went into a contract of buying land with Charley Tatum and the contract is made in writing after some days before the delivery the price of the land was doubled and the adult refused to do his performance o the contract. The minor sued for that. This case study is an example of the form of contracts which must be by deed. So in decision because the contract is binding for the adult so Tatum had to do his duties as in the contract with the minor.The consent is also one of the key elements of the contract. The validity of a contract may be affected if a person has been misled into a contract or if the parties have come to agreement but are actually at cross-purposes, for example one of them is mistaken as to the precise nature of the contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). In consent there are four violating factors which are mistakes, misrepresentations, duress and undue influence. An intentional act done out of mistake may occasionally be defensible if it was reasonable. On th e other hand a misrepresentation is a false statement of fact made by one party to another, which, whilst not being a term of the contract, induces the other party to enter the contract. The effect of an actionable misrepresentation is to make the contract voidable giving the innocent party the right to rescind the contract and/or claim damages (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). Duress is a possible legal defense, one of four of the most important justification defenses, by which defendants argue that they should not be held liable because the actions that broke the law were only performed out of an immediate fear of injury. In order for duress to qualify as a defense, four requirements must be met threat must be of serious bodily harm or death, harm threatened must be greater than the harm caused by the crime, threat must be immediate and inescapable and the defendant must have become involved in the situation through no fault of his or her own (Law Teacher, accessed 2009). While undue influence is a judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon weak and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. In order to establish the undue influence four elements must be shown. A judicially created defense to transactions that have been imposed upon weak and vulnerable persons that allows the transactions to be set aside. Second, there must be an opportunity for exercising undue influence. Third, there must be evidence that the defendant was inclined to exercise undue influence over the victim. Fourth, the record must reveal an unnatural or suspicious transaction (Legal explanations, accessed 2009).As example of the consent the case of ICI v Shatwell 1965 (referred to Appendix A) is the most common one. Because of the electric cable was too short so that two experienced shot firers decided to go against the law they carried out the test without taking cover before doing so and there was a premature explosion and both were injured . They sued the employer. In this case they had consented to the risk. The employer was not liable since it had not been negligent nor had it committed or permitted a breach of statutory duty over safety procedures. The injured men were trained for their work and properly left to carry out safety procedures of which they were well aware. So they cannot sue the employer for that.The last key element of contract is the legality of object. Legality is an agreement to be an enforceable contract must contemplate the attainment of an object not expressly forbidden by law nor contrary to public policy. For example An agreement for the sale of realty to be used expressly for the sale of alcoholic beverages is unenforceable as its object is contrary to law. So also an agreement by which A, a confirmed woman hater, promises B a house for Bs promise never to marry, is against public policy, as discouraging marriage, and therefore unenforceable (Chest of book, accessed 2009). The courts will no t enforce a contract which is deemed to be illegal or contrary to public policy.1b. Analyze the scenario from the perspective of the law of contract. Apply the rules of offer and acceptance in a given scenario, also considering any impact of new technologyFirstly as for review of the online transaction, we will go to look at the formation of contract. Contract is agreement between two or more parties which is enforceable at law (Doti Chee, 2009). However in order to be valid and enforceable by the law, the requirements for formation of contract are agreement and consideration. There is sometimes said to be a third element, namely, intention to create legal relations. But this third element is rarely a problem and it is true to say that, if it is a separate element, it goes without saying in the vast majority of cases (ANU College of law, accessed 2009). A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one part y, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other (BPP Professional Education, 2004). On the other hand agreement is the meeting of minds between two more legally competent parties, about their relative duties rights regarding current or future performance (Business Dictionary, accessed 2009). Furthermore to determine whether or not an agreement has been reached, the courts will consider whether or not party has made a firm offer which the other party has accepted. Offer and acceptance are the key elements of agreement. The agreements must contain the offer which is a defined promise to be bound on specific term and acceptance which is unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer (BPP Professional Education, 2004). However for this case of online transaction, the principles governing the formation of written and oral contract can also be apply to contracts concluded through the internet. The contracts which are made through the i nternet also need an offer and acceptance to be valid.Moreover according to the electronic transaction act 1999 and confirmed by s.11 of the Electronic Transaction Act. Cap 88, the website containing the details and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat (ComLaw, accessed 2009). Invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the view to forming a binding contract (BPP Professional Education, 2004). There are four types of invitation to treat which are auction sales, advertisements, exhibition of goods for sale and an invitation for tenders. As mentioned above the website containing the details and the prices of the goods is an invitation to treat so that it must follow the rule of invitation to treat. Its rule is that invitation to treat is not offer. It is an invitation to do business with another party and it is not an offer but an invitation to others to make offers.One of the common case examples for invitation to treat is the cas e of Patridge vs Crittenden 1968 (referred to Appendix B). Mr Patridge placed an advertisement in Cage and Aviary Birds magazine containing the words Bramblefinch cocks, bramblefinch hens, 25s each. The RSOCA brought a prosecution for offering for a sale of protected species in contravention of the protection of Birds Act 1953. The justices convicted Patridge and he was sued. The advertisement of Mr Patridge was considered as an invitation to treat so according to the rule of invitation to treat it is not an offer. The prosecution could not rely on the offence of the offering for sale, as the advertisement constituted an invitation to treat. He was therefore not making an offer.In this case there are two contracts were formed between Tuans company and Sally, a university student with Tech Ltd. Tech Ltd is Singapore listed company selling computers and other IT products in Ha Noi and they had recently established its own website to offer for sale various products over the internet.Fi rstly for the existing contract between Tuans company and Tech Ltd it is a valid contract. The rules of offer are that it must be communicated, may be made to world, may be revoked at any time and distinguished from binding options and from invitation to treat. On the other hand the rules of acceptance are it must relate to offer, mental acceptance is insufficient but may be inferred, must be unqualified, method must conform with other, if offer silent as to method that chosen to be appropriate, if it is mailed effective from time of posting and communicate may be dispensed with (Doti Chee, 2009). According to the rules of offer and acceptance in the contract between Tuans company and Tech Ltd there was an offer and acceptance. The online transaction as mentioned above is considered as invitation to treat. However the system in Tech Ltd works in the following manner every time an order was placed by a buyer after filling up the requisite form, which included the furnishing of a vali d credit card account, it would be followed by an automated reply from Tech Ltd that the transaction was successful. It means that by filling the form with valid information Tuan had already made an offer to Tech Ltd and then automatically they will send a reply to confirm that the transaction was successful and it is considered as an acceptance from Tech Ltd to Tuans offer. There is also legal intention between two parties so that the contract between Tuan and Tech Ltd is a valid contract.In this case if Tech Ltd did not deliver the 4,000 sets of computers it means that they breach the contract. Because the contract is a valid contract so that both parties are binding by the contract, they must do their duties as in the contract stated. If Tech Ltd breached the contract Mr. Tuan can sue them for that if they did not have any reasonable reasons. However in this case Tech Ltd can proof that Tuan violated the contract by capitalizing on Techs mistake. Because of an error committed by an employee of Tech Ltd, the price of the printer was altered to $388 on the website, which normally retailed at $3,800. Tech Ltd can proof that Tuan based on that mistake to make contract with Tech Ltd. Because Tuan is the owner of a shop that sold IT peripherals, including a few sets of the said laser printer. So that he came to know about the real price of the printer and the extraordinarily low price offered by Tech Ltd. Furthermore according to the rule of unilateral mistake which is where one party is mistaken as to the terms of the contract and the other knows this, the contract will be void regardless of whether the terms is fundamental (Doti Chee, 2009), the contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company is a void contract because Tuan knew about the mistake of Tech Ltd.There is a similar case of unilateral mistake which is the case of Hartlog v Colin and Shields 1939 (referred to Appendix B). In this case by mistake the defendants offered at the same price per pound instead o f per piece, which obviously worked out much cheaper. After that they realized their mistake, the sellers refused to deliver the skins and were sued by the buyers for breach of contract. However in this case because the buyers were aware of the sellers mistake so that there was no contract as same in the case of Tech Ltd and Tuans company. In conclusion because there is a unilateral mistake of Tech Ltd and Tuan knew about his so that in application o unilateral mistake rule the contract is void contract and Tuan cannot sue Tech Ltd for breach of contract.However in this case if Tuans company agreed to sell those ordered printer to the third party, they cannot maintain their rights against Tech even though they may be a bona fide purchaser. Because there is no contract between Tech Ltd and Tuans company so the goods are not belonging to Tuans company and they cannot sell it. Tech Ltd had the rights to take back their goods and the third party did not have the rights against Tech Ltd. The second contract in this case is the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally, a university student, because the transaction was taking in the same manner with the case of Tuans company which is through the website o Tech Ltd. Sally placed one set of the laser printer through the same system which means she offered to buy a printer through Tech Ltds website and then they automatically sent a reply to confirm the transaction was successful. It means that they were accepting the offer from Sally to sell one set of printer with the given price on the website. The contract had both offer and acceptance so that there was a valid contract between Tech Ltd and Sally.However because of the mistake committed by an employee of Tech Ltd the price of the printer was altered to $388 which is extraordinarily low price. Sally saw Tech Ltds website and thought that the price of $388 was very reasonable and she is a university student so she cannot know the real price of the printer and she did not kn ow that there was a mistake from the employee. According to the rule of common mistake which is if one party makes a mistake and the other party is unaware of the mistake, the contract is binding, so that the contract between Tech Ltd and Sally is a valid contract. In this case Sally as a student so she cannot know the real price and the mistake of Tech Ltd. Furthermore because of that reason Tech Ltd cannot proof that Sally actually knew the contract is under a mistake.Moreover there also a similar case of common mistake which is Centrovincial Estates plc vs Merchant Investors Assurance Co Ltd (1983) (referred to Appendix B). In this case a landlord offered, by mistake, to renew his tenants lease at a rent of 65,000 a year he had meant to offer it at 126,000. The tenant, unaware of the mistake, accepted the offer. It means that the tenant did not know about the mistake so that the contract was binding to both parties. In conclusion the contract was binding with Tech Ltd and if they did not deliver the printer to Sally, she can sue them for that.Lastly for Tech Ltd to prevent similar situation in the future they should build a structure or system based on the counter offer. As has been said acceptance must be unqualified agreement to the terms of offer. Acceptance which purports to introduce any new terms is a counter offer. If counter offer is made, the original offeror may accept it but he rejects it his original offer is no longer available for acceptance (BPP Professional Education, 2004). For example it is the case of Butler Machin Tool Co vs Ex-cell-O Corp 1979 (referred to Appendix B). In this case the claimant offered to sell tools to the defendant. However the defendant accepted the offer enclosing their own standard terms which differed from those of the claimant. The claimant ackno